EX 7th Semester Syllabus

1. Unit 1Fault Analysis

   Faults in power systems · Single line diagram · Equivalent impedance diagram · Per unit reactances · Analysis of power systems by symmetrical components under three‑phase short circuit · Line‑to‑line fault analysis · Line‑to‑ground fault analysis · Double line‑to‑ground fault analysis · Sequence networks and their inter‑connections for different types of faults · Effects of fault impedance · Current limiting reactors – applications, types, construction and location · Short‑circuit calculation using reactors

2. Unit 2Relays

   General considerations and sensing of faults · Construction of electromagnetic attraction‑type relays · Construction of electromagnetic induction‑type relays · Buchholz relay and negative‑sequence relay · Concept of reset, pick‑up, inverse‑time and definite‑time characteristics · Over‑current, over‑voltage, directional, differential and distance relays on R‑X diagram · Static relays – introduction, advantages and limitations · Static over‑current relay · Static directional relay · Static distance relay · Static differential relay

3. Unit 3Protection

   Types and detection of faults and their effects · Alternator protection scheme (stator, rotor, reverse‑power protection, etc.) · Power transformer protection – external and internal faults · Generator‑transformer unit protection scheme · Bus‑bar protection · Transmission line protection – current/time grading and distance protection · Pilot relaying schemes · Power‑line carrier protection

4. Unit 4Switchgear

   Theory of current interruption – energy‑balance and recovery‑rate theory · Arc quenching, recovery and restriking voltages · Types of circuit breakers: bulk oil, minimum oil, air‑break, air‑blast, SF\(_6\), vacuum · Rating selection and testing of circuit breakers and operating mechanisms · Low‑tension (LT) switchgear · HRC fuses – types, construction and applications

5. Unit 5Modern Trends In Protection

   Electronic relays · Static‑relay functional circuits: comparators, level detectors, logic and timing circuits · Microprocessor‑ and computer‑based protection schemes · Software development for protection · Security and reliability of protection systems

1. Unit 1Steady state and dynamic problems in AC systems

   Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) · Principles of series and shunt compensation · Description of static var compensators (SVC) · Thyristor Controlled series compensators (TCSC) · Static phase shifters (SPS) · Static condenser (STATCON) · Static synchronous series compensator (SSSC) · Unified power flow controller (UPFC)

2. Unit 2Modelling and Analysis of FACTS controllers

   Control strategies to improve system stability · Power Quality problems in distribution systems

3. Unit 3Harmonics

   Harmonics creating loads · Modelling of harmonic sources · Harmonic propagation · Series and parallel resonances · Harmonic power flow · Mitigation of harmonics · Passive filters · Active filters · Shunt hybrid filters · Series hybrid filters · Voltage sags & swells · Voltage flicker · Mitigation of power quality problems using power electronic conditioners · IEEE standards · HVDC converters and their characteristics · Control of the converters (CC and CEA) · Parallel operation of converters · Series operation of converters

4. Unit 4Active Power Controllers

   Dynamic static synchronous controllers · D‑STATCOM · Dynamic static synchronous series controllers · Dynamic voltage restorer · AC/AC voltage regulators

5. Unit 5Energy Storage Systems

   Introduction · Structure of power storage devices · Pumped‑storage hydroelectricity · Compressed air energy storage system · Flywheels · Battery storage · Hydrogen storage · Superconducting magnetic energy storage · Super capacitors · Applications of energy storage devices

1. Unit 1Fundamentals of FACTS and Reactive Power Control

   Reactive power control in electrical power transmission · Principles of conventional reactive power compensators · Introduction to FACTS · Power flow in AC parallel paths and meshed systems · Basic types and definitions of FACTS controllers · Brief description of FACTS controllers

2. Unit 2Static Shunt and Series Compensators

   Objectives of shunt compensation · Methods of controllable VAR generation · Static VAR compensators (SVC, STATCOM) and comparison · Objectives of series compensation · Thyristor switched series capacitors (TCSC) · Static series synchronous compensator (SSSC) · Power angle characteristics and basic operating control schemes

3. Unit 3Combined Compensators and Active Power Filtering

   Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) – introduction and operating principle · Independent real and reactive power flow control in UPFC · Control structure of UPFC · Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) · Introduction to active power filtering · Reactive power compensation using active power filters · Harmonic current compensation using active power filters

4. Unit 4HVDC Transmission Systems – Overview

   Introduction to HVDC transmission system · Comparison of AC and DC transmission · Applications of DC transmission · Types of DC links · Layout of HVDC transmission system

5. Unit 5HVDC Converters, Control and Multiterminal Systems

   HVDC converter station layout and equipment · Analysis of bridge converters with and without overlap · Inverter operation and equivalent circuit representations · Principles of HVDC system control · Desired features of control and converter control characteristics · Power reversal, ignition angle control, current and extinction angle control · Harmonics in HVDC, AC and DC filters · Introduction to multiterminal DC systems and applications · Comparison of series and parallel MTDC systems · Voltage Source Converter based HVDC systems

1. Unit 1Introduction

   Introduction to $HV$ technology · Advantages of transmitting electrical power at high voltages · Need for generating high voltages in laboratory · Important applications of high voltage

2. Unit 2Breakdown phenomena

   Classification of $HV$ insulating media · Properties of important $HV$ insulating media · Gaseous dielectrics: primary and secondary ionization processes · Breakdown criteria for gaseous insulation based on Townsend’s theory · Limitations of Townsend’s theory · Streamer theory breakdown in non‑uniform fields · Corona discharges · Paschen’s law and its significance · Time lags of breakdown · Breakdown in solid dielectrics: intrinsic, avalanche, thermal, and electro‑mechanical breakdown · Breakdown of liquid dielectrics: suspended‑particle theory, electronic breakdown, cavity (bubble) breakdown, electro‑convection breakdown

3. Unit 3Generation of $HV$ AC, DC and impulse voltage and current

   $HV$ AC transformer and cascade connection of transformer units · Series resonant circuit principle of operation and advantages · Tesla coil · $HV$ DC voltage doubler circuit · Cockcroft‑Walton type high‑voltage $DC$ set · Standard lightning and switching impulse voltages · Analysis of single‑stage impulse generator and output voltage expression · Components of multistage impulse generator · Three‑electrode gap triggering of impulse generators · Triggering gap and oscillograph time‑sweep circuits · Generation of switching impulse voltage · Generation of high‑impulse current

4. Unit 4Measurement of high voltages

   Electrostatic voltmeter: principle, construction and limitations · Generating voltmeter: principle and construction · Series‑resistance micro‑ammeter for $HV$ $DC$ measurements · Standard sphere‑gap measurements for $HV$ $AC$, $HV$ $DC$ and impulse voltages and influencing factors · Potential dividers: resistance, capacitance and mixed $RC$ types · Surge current measurement techniques

5. Unit 5High voltage tests on electrical apparatus

   Definitions of high‑voltage testing technologies · Tests on isolators · Tests on circuit breakers · Tests on cables and insulators · Tests on transformers

1. Unit 1Introduction

   Conventional Vehicles: basics of vehicle performance, vehicle power‑source characterization, transmission characteristics, mathematical models to describe vehicle performance · Hybrid Electric Vehicles: history, social and environmental importance, impact of modern drivetrains on energy supplies

2. Unit 2Hybrid and Electric Drive‑trains

   Hybrid traction: basic concept of hybrid traction and hybrid drive‑train topologies · Power‑flow control in hybrid drive‑train topologies · Fuel‑efficiency analysis for hybrid drive‑trains · Electric traction: basic concept of electric traction and electric drive‑train topologies · Power‑flow control in electric drive‑train topologies · Fuel‑efficiency analysis for electric drive‑trains · Electric components used in hybrid and electric vehicles · Configuration and control of DC‑motor drives · Configuration and control of induction‑motor drives · Configuration and control of permanent‑magnet motor drives · Configuration and control of switched‑reluctance motor drives · Drive‑system efficiency, drivetrain topologies, and related fuel‑efficiency considerations

3. Unit 3Energy Storage and Drive‑System Sizing

   Energy‑storage requirements in hybrid and electric vehicles · Battery‑based energy storage and its analysis · Fuel‑cell based energy storage and its analysis · Super‑capacitor based energy storage and its analysis · Flywheel‑based energy storage and its analysis · Hybridisation of different energy‑storage devices · Matching the electric machine with the internal‑combustion engine (ICE) · Sizing the propulsion motor · Sizing the power‑electronics · Selection of the appropriate energy‑storage technology · Communications and supporting subsystems for the drive system

4. Unit 4Energy Management Strategies and Case Studies

   Introduction to energy‑management strategies used in hybrid and electric vehicles · Classification of different energy‑management strategies · Comparison of different energy‑management strategies · Implementation issues of energy‑management strategies · Case study: design of a Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) · Case study: design of a Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

1. Unit 1Introduction to Energy \& Power Scenario

   Introduction to energy \& power scenario of world · National energy consumption data · Environmental aspects associated with energy utilization · Energy auditing – need, types, methodology and barriers · Role of energy managers · Instruments of energy auditing

2. Unit 2Components of EB Billing and Energy Efficiency

   Components of EB billing, HT and LT supply, transformers, cable sizing · Concept of capacitors, power factor improvement, harmonics · Electric motors – motor efficiency computation, energy efficient motors · Illumination – lux, lumens, types of lighting, efficacy, LED lighting and scope of energy conservation in lighting

3. Unit 3Thermal Systems and Energy Conservation

   Thermal systems, boilers, furnaces and thermic fluid heaters – efficiency computation and energy conservation measures · Steam distribution and usage, steam traps, condensate recovery, flash steam utilization · Insulation \& refractories

4. Unit 4Energy Conservation in Major Utilities

   Energy conservation in major utilities – pumps, fans, blowers, compressed air systems · Refrigeration \& air‑conditioning systems, cooling towers, DG sets

5. Unit 5Energy Economics and ESCO

   Energy economics – discount period, payback period, internal rate of return, net present value · Life‑cycle costing · ESCO concept

1. Unit 1Discrete-time signals and systems

   Sequences · Representation of signals on orthogonal basis · Representation of discrete systems using difference equations · Sampling and reconstruction of signals – aliasing · Sampling theorem and Nyquist rate

2. Unit 2Z-transform

   z-Transform · Region of Convergence · Analysis of Linear Shift Invariant systems using z-transform · Properties of Z-transform for causal signals · Interpretation of stability in z-domain · Inverse z-transforms

3. Unit 3Discrete Fourier Transform

   Frequency Domain Analysis · Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) · Properties of DFT · Convolution of signals · Fast Fourier Transform Algorithm · Parseval’s Identity · Implementation of Discrete Time Systems

4. Unit 4Design of Digital filters

   Design of FIR Digital filters: Window method · Design of FIR Digital filters: Park-McClellan's method · Design of IIR Digital Filters: Butterworth, Chebyshev and Elliptic Approximations · Design of Low-pass, Band-pass, Band-stop and High-pass filters · Effect of finite register length in FIR filter design · Parametric and non-parametric spectral estimation · Introduction to multi-rate signal processing

5. Unit 5Applications of Digital Signal Processing

   Correlation Functions and Power Spectra · Stationary Processes · Optimal filtering using ARMA Model · Linear Mean-Square Estimation · Wiener Filter

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