EX 6th Semester Syllabus

1. Unit 1General Problems in Modern Power Systems

   Problems associated with modern interconnected power systems · Deregulation and power‑systems restructuring · Distributed generation and congestion issues · Available transfer capacities · Pricing of energy and transmission services

2. Unit 2DC Machine‑II and Power‑Flow Studies

   DC machine – II · $\text{Static power‑flow equations}$ and solution methods · Gauss–Seidel method for load flow · Newton‑Raphson method for load flow · Fast Decoupled Load‑Flow (FDLF) method · Comparison of Gauss–Seidel, Newton‑Raphson and FDLF methods · Economic operation of power systems – economic dispatch · Emission dispatch and line loss minimisation · Incremental transmission loss (ITL) calculation · Economic dispatch using Lagrangian multiplier method

3. Unit 3MW Frequency Control and AGC

   Fundamentals of speed governing for MW frequency control · Modelling of speed‑control mechanisms · Primary Automatic Load‑Frequency Control (ALFC) · Closing of ALFC · Static and dynamic response to primary ALFC · Speed‑control characteristics · Fundamentals of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) · AGC in isolated and interconnected power systems · Modelling of the tie‑line · Static and dynamic response of a two‑area system · Economic dispatch control related to frequency regulation

4. Unit 4Reactive Power & Voltage Control

   Reactive power and voltage control fundamentals · Protection and absorption of reactive power · Methods of voltage control – static VAR systems · Types and applications of static VAR devices · Characteristics of excitation systems · DC, AC and static excitation systems · General block‑diagram representation of voltage regulators

5. Unit 5Power System Stability

   Power‑system stability – steady‑state, dynamic and transient stability · Swing equation and equal‑area criterion · Solution of swing equation using step‑by‑step method, modified Euler’s method and Runge‑Kutta method · Methods of improving transient stability

1. Unit 1Microprocessor 8086

   Introduction to 16‑bit 8086 microprocessors · Architecture of 8086 · Pin configuration and mode · Timing diagram · Memory interfacing · Interrupts · Instruction set of 8086 · Addressing modes · Assembler directives and operations · Assembly and machine language programming · Subroutine call and return · Concept of stack · Stack structure of 8086 · Timings and delays

2. Unit 2Input‑Output Interfacing

   Memory‑mapped I/O and peripheral I/O · Architecture and modes of operation of PPI 8255 · Interfacing PPI 8255 to 16‑bit microprocessor and programming · Architecture of DMA controller (8257) · Architecture of programmable interval timer 8254 · USART 8251

3. Unit 3Microcontroller 8051

   Intel 8051 family of 8‑bit microcontrollers · Architecture of 8051 · Pin description · I/O configuration · Interrupts, interrupt structure and priorities · Port structure and operation · Accessing internal and external memories (different modes of operation) · Memory organization · Addressing modes · Instruction set of 8051 · Programming of 8051

4. Unit 48051 Interfacing and Serial Communication

   Interfacing 8051 to ADC and DAC · Stepper motor interfacing with 8051 · Timer/counter functions in 8051 · 8051‑based thyristor firing circuit · 8051 connections to RS‑232 · 8051 serial communication · Serial communication modes · Serial communication programming · Serial port programming in C

5. Unit 5Microcontroller 8096 and PIC Introduction

   Introduction to 16‑bit microcontroller 8096 · Functional block diagram of 8096 · Memory status of 8096 · Complete 8096 instruction set · Classification of instruction set · Addressing modes of 8096 · Programming examples using 8096 · Hardware features of 8096 · Parallel ports · Control and status registers · Introduction to 16/32‑bit PIC microcontrollers and dsPIC

1. Unit 1Illumination Engineering

   Nature of light · Units · Sensitivity of the eye · Luminous efficiency · Glare · Production of light · Incandescent lamps · Arc lamps · Gas discharge lamps – fluorescent lamps polar curves · Effect of voltage variation on efficiency and life of lamps · Distribution and control of light · Lighting calculations · Solid angle · Inverse square and cosine laws · Methods of calculations · Factory lighting · Flood lighting and street lighting · Direct, diffused and mixed reflection & transmission factor · Refractors · Light fittings

2. Unit 2Heating, Welding And Electrolysis

   Electrical heating – advantages · Methods and applications of electrical heating · Resistance heating · Design of heating elements · Efficiency and losses control in heating · Induction heating – core type furnaces · Induction heating – core‑less furnaces · Induction heating – high frequency eddy current heating · Dielectric heating – principle and special applications · Arc furnaces – direct arc furnaces · Arc furnaces – indirect arc furnaces · Electrodes and design of heating elements for arc furnaces · Power supply and control for heating processes · Different methods of electrical welding · Resistance welding · Arc welding · Energy‑storage welding · Laser welding · Electron‑beam welding · Electrical equipment for welding · Arc furnace transformers and welding transformers · Review of electrolytic principles · Laws of electrolysis · Electroplating · Anodizing‑electro‑cleaning · Extraction of refinery metals · Power supply for electrolytic processes · Current and energy efficiency

3. Unit 3Traction

   Special features of traction motors · Selection of traction motor · Different systems of electric traction and their advantages and disadvantages · Mechanics of train movement – simplified speed‑time curves for different services · Average and schedule speed · Tractive effort · Specific energy consumption · Factors affecting specific energy consumption · Acceleration and braking retardation · Adhesive weight · Coefficient of adhesion

4. Unit 4Electric Drives

   Individual and collective drives – electrical braking · Plugging · Rheostatic and regenerative braking · Load equalization · Use of fly‑wheel criteria for selection of motors for various industrial drives · Calculation of electrical loads for refrigeration and air‑conditioning · Intermittent loading · Temperature rise curve

5. Unit 5Introduction to Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

   Configuration and performance of electric vehicles · Traction motor characteristics · Tractive effort · Transmission requirement · Vehicle performance · Energy consumption

1. Unit 1General energy problem

   Energy use patterns and scope for conservation · Energy audit: Energy monitoring, Energy accounting and analysis, Auditing and targeting · Energy conservation policy · Energy management & audit · Types of energy audit · Energy management (audit), qualities and function of energy managers · Language of an energy manager · Questionnaire, Check list for top management · Loss of energy in material flow · Energy performance, maximizing system efficiency, optimizing input energy requirements · Energy auditing instruments · Material load energy balance diagram

2. Unit 2Thermodynamics of Energy Conservation

   Basic principle · Irreversibility and second law efficiency analysis of systems · Primary energy sources, optimum use of prime-movers · Energy efficient housekeeping · Energy recovery in thermal systems · Waste heat recovery techniques · Thermal insulation · Thermal energy audit in heating, ventilation and air conditioning · Maintenance and energy audit – friction, lubrication and tribological innovations · Predictive and preventive maintenance

3. Unit 3Load curve analysis & load management

   Load curve analysis & load management (DSM) · Energy storage for power systems (mechanical, thermal, electrical & magnetic) · Restructuring of electric tariff from energy conservation considerations · Economic analysis, depreciation method, time value of money · Evaluation method of projects, replacement analysis, special problems, inflation risk analysis · Payback period, energy economics, cost‑benefit risk analysis

4. Unit 4Energy efficient electric drives

   Energy efficient electric drives · Energy efficient motors vs. VSD (variable speed drive) · Power factor improvement in power system · Energy conservation in transportation systems, especially electric vehicles · Energy flow networks, simulation & modeling, formulation of objectives & constraints, alternative options, matrix chart

5. Unit 5Energy conservation task before industry

   Energy conservation equipment, co‑generation · Energy conservation processes in industry (sugar, textiles, cement, etc.) · Electrical energy conservation in buildings, heating and lighting · Domestic gadgets

1. Unit 1Transmission Lines

   Introduction · Concept of distributed elements · Equations of voltage and current · Standing waves and impedance transformation · Lossless and low‑loss transmission lines · Power transfer on a transmission line · Analysis of transmission line in terms of admittances · Transmission line calculations with the help of Smith chart · Applications of transmission line · Impedance matching using transmission lines

2. Unit 2Maxwell’s Equations

   Basic quantities of Electromagnetics · Basic laws of Electromagnetics: Gauss’s law · Ampere’s Circuital law · Faraday’s law of Electromagnetic induction · Maxwell’s equations · Surface charge and surface current · Boundary conditions at media interface

3. Unit 3Uniform Plane Wave

   Homogeneous unbound medium · Wave equation for time harmonic fields · Solution of the wave equation · Uniform plane wave · Wave polarization · Wave propagation in conducting medium · Phase velocity of a wave · Power flow and Poynting vector

4. Unit 4Plane Waves at Media Interface

   Plane wave in arbitrary direction · Plane wave at dielectric interface · Reflection and refraction of waves at dielectric interface · Total internal reflection · Wave polarization at media interface · Brewster angle · Fields and power flow at media interface · Lossy media interface · Reflection from conducting boundary

5. Unit 5Waveguides

   Parallel plane waveguide: Transverse Electric (TE) mode · Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode · Cut‑off frequency · Phase velocity and dispersion · Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) mode · Analysis of waveguide – general approach · Rectangular waveguides

6. Unit 6Antennas

   Radiation parameters of antenna · Potential functions · Solution for potential functions · Radiations from Hertz dipole · Near field · Far field · Total power radiated by a dipole · Radiation resistance and radiation pattern of Hertz dipole · Hertz dipole in receiving mode

1. Unit 1Introduction to CRO

   Different parts of CRO · Block diagram of CRO · Electrostatic focusing · Electrostatic deflection · Post‑deflection acceleration · Screen for CRTs · Graticule · Vertical and horizontal deflection system · Time‑base circuit · Oscilloscope probes and transducers · Attenuators · Applications of CROs · Lissajous patterns · Special purpose CROs – multi‑input · Dual‑trace CRO · Dual‑beam CRO · Sampling oscilloscope · Storage oscilloscope (analog & digital)

2. Unit 2A.C. Bridge Measurement

   Sources and detectors for bridge circuits · Use of bridges for measurement of inductance, capacitance & Q factor · Maxwell's bridge · Maxwell's inductance‑capacitance bridge · Hay's bridge · Anderson's bridge · Owen's bridge · De‑Sauty's bridge · Schering bridge · High‑voltage Schering bridge · Measurement of relative permittivity · Heaviside‑Campbell bridge · Wein's bridge · Universal bridge · Sources of errors in bridge circuits · Wagner's earthing device · Q‑meter and its applications and measurement methods

3. Unit 3Transducers

   Definition and classification of transducers · Mechanical devices as primary detectors · Characteristics and selection criteria for transducers · Resistive, inductive and capacitive transducers · Strain gauge and gauge factor · Thermistor · Thermocouples · Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) · Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) · Synchros · Piezo‑electric transducers · Magneto‑elastic and magnetostrictive Hall‑effect transducers · Optoelectronic transducers – photovoltaic cells, photoconductive cells, photodiodes, photo‑conductive cells, phototransistors, photo‑optic transducers · Introduction to analog and digital data‑acquisition systems · Instrumentation systems used · Interfacing transducers to electronic control and measuring systems · Multiplexing – D/A multiplexing, A/D multiplexing · Special encoders · Digital control description

4. Unit 4Signal Generators

   Fixed and variable‑frequency AF oscillators · Sine‑wave generators · Standard signal generator · AF sine and square‑wave generator · Function generator · Square‑ and pulse‑generator · Random‑noise generator · Sweep generator · TV sweep generator · Marker generator · Sweep‑marker generator · Wobblyscope · Video‑pattern generator (Vectroscope) · Beat‑frequency oscillator · Wave analyser – basic wave analyser · Frequency‑selective wave analyser · Heterodyne wave analyser · Harmonic‑distortion analyser · Spectrum analyser – digital Fourier analyser

5. Unit 5Digital Instruments

   Advantages of digital instruments over analog instruments · Resolution and sensitivity of digital meters · Digital voltmeter – ramp type · Digital voltmeter – dual‑slope integration type · Digital voltmeter – integrating type · Digital voltmeter – successive‑approximation type · Continuous‑balance DVM or servo‑balancing potentiometer type DVM · Compression of electronic & digital voltmeter · Digital multimeter · Digital frequency meter · Time‑period measurement · High‑frequency measurement · Electronic counter · Digital tachometer · Digital pH meter · Digital phase meter · Digital capacitance meter · Digital display systems and indicators – CRT, LED, LCD, Nixie tubes, electroluminescent displays, incandescent displays, electrophoretic image displays, liquid‑vapour displays, dot‑matrix displays · Analog recorders · X‑Y recorders · Instruments used in computer‑controlled instrumentation – RS‑232C, IEEE‑488 (GPIB) interface

1. Unit 1Introduction

   Definition · Characteristics of IOT · IOT Conceptual framework · IOT Architectural view · Physical design of IOT · Logical design of IOT · Application of IOT

2. Unit 2Machine‑to‑Machine and Cloud Technologies

   Machine‑to‑Machine (M2M) · Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Function Virtualization (NFV) for IOT · Data storage in IOT · IOT Cloud Based Services

3. Unit 3Design Principles for Web Connectivity

   Web Communication Protocols for connected devices · Message Communication Protocols for connected devices · SOAP · REST · HTTP, RESTful services and Web Sockets · Internet Connectivity Principles · Internet based communication · IP addressing in IOT · Media Access Control

4. Unit 4Sensor Technology and Applications

   Sensor Technology · Participatory Sensing · Industrial IOT and Automotive IOT · Actuator · Sensor data Communication Protocols · Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Technology · Wireless Sensor Network Technology

5. Unit 5IOT Design Methodology and Case Studies

   IOT Design methodology: Specification‑Requirement, process, model, service, functional & operational view · IOT Privacy and security solutions · Raspberry Pi & Arduino devices · IOT Case studies: smart city streetlights control & monitoring

1. Unit 1Signal Representation and System Response

   Time domain and frequency domain representation of signal · Fourier Transform and its properties · Transform of gate and periodic gate · Impulse, periodic impulse, sine and cosine wave · Concept of energy density and power density (Parseval’s theorem) · Power density of periodic gate and impulse function · Impulse response of a system · Convolutions and convolution with impulse function · Causal and non‑causal system impulse response of ideal low‑pass filter · Correlation and autocorrelation

2. Unit 2Modulation Techniques

   Base‑band signal and need of modulation · Introduction to modulation techniques · Amplitude modulation (AM) – equation and frequency‑domain representation · Bandwidth and power distribution of AM signals · AM suppressed‑carrier waveform – equation and frequency‑domain representation · Generation (balance/chopper modulator) and synchronous detection technique · Errors in synchronous detection · Introduction to SSB and VSB · Angle modulation – frequency and phase modulation equations, phase and frequency deviations · Modulation index and frequency spectrum · Narrowband FM (NBFM) and wideband FM (WBFM) · Bandwidth comparison of modulation techniques

3. Unit 3Sampling and Digital Coding

   Sampling of signal · Sampling theorem for low‑pass and band‑pass signals · Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) · Time‑division multiplexing (TDM) · Channel bandwidth for PAM‑TDM signals · Types of sampling: instantaneous, natural and flat‑top · Aperture effect · Pulse‑position and pulse‑duration modulations · Digital signal quantization and quantization error · Pulse code modulation (PCM) and signal‑to‑noise ratio · Companding · Data rate, baud rate and bit rate · Multiplexed PCM signal · Differential PCM (DPCM) · Delta modulation (DM) and adaptive delta modulation (ADM) · Comparison of various digital coding systems

4. Unit 4Digital Modulation Techniques

   Generation, detection, equations and bandwidth of amplitude shift keying (ASK) · Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) · Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) · Offset and non‑offset quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) · M‑ary PSK · Binary frequency shift keying (BFSK) · M‑ary FSK · Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) · Modem concepts · Introduction to probability of error

5. Unit 5Information Theory and Coding

   Information theory – information, entropies (marginal and conditional) · Model of a communication system · Mathematical representation of source, channel and receiver characteristics · Mutual information and channel capacity · Efficiency of noise‑free channel · Binary symmetric channel (BSC) and binary erasure channel (BEC) · Repetition codes and NM‑symmetric binary channel · Shannon theorem and Shannon‑Hartley theorem (S/N‑BW trade‑off) · Source encoding – Shannon, Fano and Huffman coding methods and their efficiency · Error‑control coding – minimum Hamming distance, linear block codes, cyclic codes, convolutional codes · Line encoding – Manchester coding, RZ, NRZ coding

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1. Unit 1Simulation Study

   Study of any simulation tool like MATLAB · SCILAB · PSIM · HOMER · other relevant software used for electrical & electronics engineering

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