EX 3rd Semester Syllabus

Unit 1Introduction to Energy Science

Introduction to energy systems and resources · Introduction to Energy, sustainability & the environment · Overview of energy systems, sources, transformations, efficiency, and storage · Fossil fuels (coal, oil, oil-bearing shale and sands, coal gasification) - past, present & future · Remedies & alternatives for fossil fuels - biomass, wind, solar, nuclear, wave, tidal and hydrogen · Sustainability and environmental trade-offs of different energy systems · possibilities for energy storage or regeneration (Ex. Pumped storage hydro power projects, superconductor-based energy storages, high efficiency batteries)

Unit 2Ecosystems

Concept of an ecosystem · Structure and function of an ecosystem · Producers, consumers and decomposers · Energy flow in the ecosystem · Ecological succession · Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids · Introduction, types, characteristic features, structure and function of the following ecosystem (a.)Forest ecosystem (b) Grassland ecosystem (c) Desert ecosystem (d) Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)

Unit 3Biodiversity and its conservation

Introduction – Definition: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity · Bio-geographical classification of India · Value of biodiversity: consumptive use, productive use, social, ethical, aesthetic and option values · Biodiversity at global, National and local levels · India as a mega-diversity nation · Hot-sports of biodiversity · Threats to biodiversity: habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man-wildlife conflicts · Endangered and endemic species of India · Conservation of biodiversity: In-situ and Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity

Unit 4Environmental Pollution

Definition, Cause, effects and control measures of Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Marine pollution, Noise pollution, Thermal pollution, Nuclear hazards · Solid waste Management: Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial wastes · Role of an individual in prevention of pollution · Pollution case studies · Disaster management: floods, earthquake, cyclone and landslides

Unit 5Social Issues and the Environment

From Unsustainable to Sustainable development · Urban problems related to energy · Water conservation, rain water harvesting, watershed management · Resettlement and rehabilitation of people; its problems and concerns · Case Studies · Environmental ethics: Issues and possible solutions · Climate change, global warming, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, nuclear accidents and holocaust · Wasteland reclamation · Consumerism and waste products · Environment Protection Act · Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act · Water (Prevention and control of Pollution) Act · Wildlife Protection Act · Forest Conservation Act · Issues involved in enforcement of environmental legislation · Public awareness

Unit 6Field work

Visit to a local area to document environmental assets-river/forest/grassland/hill/mountain · Visit to a local polluted site-Urban/Rural/Industrial/Agricultural · Study of common plants, insects, birds · Study of simple ecosystems-pond, river, hill slopes, etc.

Unit 1Classification of signals and systems

Continuous‑time (CT) signals: step, ramp, pulse, impulse, sinusoidal and exponential signals · Discrete‑time (DT) signals: step, ramp, pulse, impulse, sinusoidal and exponential signals · Basic operations on signals (addition, scaling, time‑shifting, time‑reversal, etc.) · Classification of signals: periodic vs. aperiodic, energy vs. power signals, random signals · CT and DT systems and their basic properties (causality, stability, linearity, time‑invariance) · Linear time‑invariant (LTI) systems and their fundamental properties

Unit 2Analysis of continuous‑time signals

Time‑domain analysis of CT signals · Frequency‑domain analysis of CT signals · Fourier series analysis and spectrum of periodic CT signals · Fourier transform of CT signals · Laplace transform and region of convergence (ROC) · Wavelet transform of CT signals

Unit 3Linear time‑invariant continuous‑time systems

Differential‑equation representation of LTI CT systems · Block‑diagram representation of CT systems · State‑variable representation and matrix form of CT systems · Impulse response and step response of CT systems · Frequency response (Bode plot, magnitude‑phase) of CT systems · Reliability considerations for CT systems · Design and analysis of analog filters

Unit 4Analysis of discrete‑time signals

Convolution sum for DT signals and its properties · Sampling of CT signals, Nyquist criterion and aliasing · Discrete‑time Fourier transform (DTFT) and its properties · Z‑transform of DT signals, poles, zeros and ROC · Inverse Z‑transform techniques

Unit 5Linear time‑invariant discrete‑time systems

Difference‑equation representation of LTI DT systems · Block‑diagram representation of DT systems · Impulse response of DT systems · Analysis of DT LTI systems using DTFT and Z‑transform · State‑variable equations and matrix representation for DT systems · Design and implementation of digital filters

Unit 1Introduction, history and overview of measurement system; fundamentals of measurement system; static and dynamic characteristics of measurement systems; systematic characteristics; generalized model; transfer function; techniques for dynamic compensation; accuracy of measurement systems in steady state; measurement error; error probability function; error reduction techniques; reliability; choice and economics of measurement systems; loading effects due to shunt‑connected and series‑connected instruments; calibration curve; testing & calibration of instruments

Introduction, history and overview of measurement systems · Fundamentals of measurement systems · Static and dynamic characteristics of measurement systems · Systematic characteristics and generalized model · Transfer function and techniques for dynamic compensation · Accuracy in steady state – measurement error and error probability function · Error reduction techniques, reliability, choice and economics of measurement systems · Loading effects caused by shunt‑connected and series‑connected instruments · Calibration curve and procedures for testing & calibration of instruments

Unit 2Galvanometers – theory, principle of operation and construction

Ballistic galvanometer theory and construction · D’Arsonval galvanometer theory and construction · Definition and classification of analog and digital instruments · Operating principles of analog instruments, operating force, types of supports, damping and controlling mechanisms

Unit 3Different types of ammeters and voltmeters; digital instruments

PMMC, moving iron (MI), electrodynamometer and induction ammeters & voltmeters · Expression for control and deflection torque, advantages, disadvantages and error sources · Extension of range using shunt and multiplier techniques · Digital voltmeter, digital ammeter, multimeter and wattmeter

Unit 4Instrument transformers

Potential transformers (PT) and current transformers (CT) · Ratio and phase‑angle errors; testing procedures for instrument transformers · Differences between CT and PT; error reduction techniques

Unit 5Measurement of power

Power measurement in AC and DC circuits · Electrodynamometer type wattmeter – construction, theory, operation and errors · Low power‑factor and UPF wattmeter · Double‑element and three‑element dynamometer wattmeter · Three‑phase power measurement – one‑, two‑ and three‑wattmeter methods · Reactive power measurement by single wattmeter method · Power measurement using current and potential transformers

Unit 6Measurement of energy

Single‑phase and three‑phase digital/electronic energy meters – construction and operation · Energy flow and power calculations; error analysis · Testing by phantom loading · Tri‑vector meter, maximum demand meter and ampere‑hour meter

Unit 7Power factor meter

Single‑phase and three‑phase electrodynamometer type power factor meters · Moving‑iron type power factor meters

Unit 8Frequency meter

Vibrating reed frequency meter · Resonance type frequency meter · Weston type frequency meter · Synchronoscope

Unit 9Ohmmeter

Series and stunt type ohmmeters · Megger and ratio meter

Unit 10Resistance measurement

Classification of low, medium and high resistance · Voltmeter‑ammeter method · Wheatstone bridge method · Kelvin’s double bridge method · Loss‑of‑charge method for high resistance · Earth resistance measurement

Unit 11Magnetic measurement

B‑H curve determination · Hysteresis loop measurement · Power loss measurement in sheet metal using Lloyd‑Fischer square

Unit 1Circuit Elements and Basic Analysis

Introduction to circuit elements R, L, C and their characteristics (linearity, time dependence) · Voltage and current sources (controlled and uncontrolled) · Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) analysis · Nodal analysis · Mesh analysis · Analysis of magnetically coupled circuits

Unit 2Transient and Steady‑State Analysis

Transient analysis in RL, RC, and RLC circuits · Initial conditions and time constants · Steady‑state analysis using phasors and vectors · Impedance and admittance · Series and parallel resonance

Unit 3Network Topology and Graph Theory

Network topology concepts · Network graph, trees, branches and links · Incidence matrix, cut‑set and tie‑set matrices · Dual networks and dot convention · Coupling coefficient and tuned circuits

Unit 4Network Theorems

Thevenin and Norton equivalent theorems · Superposition theorem · Reciprocity theorem · Compensation and substitution theorems · Maximum power transfer theorem · Millman’s theorem · Tellegen’s theorem · Analysis with dependent and independent sources

Unit 5Frequency Domain and Laplace Transform

Laplace transform solution of integro‑differential equations · Transform of step, ramp, gate and sinusoidal waveforms · Initial and final value theorems · Network theorems in the transform domain

Unit 6Fourier Series and Signal Spectra

Signal spectra and Fourier series coefficients · Symmetry properties of Fourier coefficients · Trigonometric form of Fourier series · Exponential form of Fourier series

Unit 7Two‑Port Networks and Network Functions

Complex frequency and network/transfer functions for one‑port and two‑port networks · Poles and zeros, driving‑point conditions · Two‑port parameters Z, Y, ABCD, hybrid and image parameters · Parameter interrelationships · Interconnection of two‑port networks and terminated two‑port networks

Unit 1Semiconductor Diodes

Theory of P‑N junction, temperature dependence and breakdown characteristics · Junction capacitances · Zener diode, Varactor diode, Tunnel diode, PIN diode, LED, Photo diode, Schottky diode · Diode applications: series–parallel configurations, full‑wave and half‑wave rectification, voltage multiplier circuits, diode testing

Unit 2Transistors

BJT types and configurations, working principle, characteristics, and regions of operation · Load line analysis and biasing methods · Small‑signal analysis of transistor (low frequency) using h‑parameters, thermal runaway and thermal stability · FET and MOSFET characteristics · Transistor as an amplifier – gain, bandwidth, frequency response

Unit 3Feedback Amplifier and Oscillators

Feedback amplifier concepts, negative feedback, voltage‑series, voltage‑shunt, current‑series and current‑shunt feedback · Sinusoidal oscillators: L‑C (Hartley‑Colpitts) oscillators, RC phase‑shift, Wien bridge, crystal oscillators · Power amplifiers: class A, class B, class AB, class C, their efficiency and power dissipation · Push‑pull and complementary symmetry push‑pull amplifier configurations

Unit 4Wave Shaping Circuits

Switching characteristics of diode and transistor: turn‑ON, turn‑OFF time, reverse recovery time, transistor as switch · Multivibrators: bistable, monostable, astable · Clipper and clamper circuits · Differential amplifier – calculation of differential and common‑mode gain, CMRR using h‑parameters · Darlington pair, boot‑strapping technique · Cascade and cascade amplifier

Unit 5Operational Amplifier

Operational amplifier fundamentals, practical op‑amp circuits and characteristics · Slew rate, bandwidth, offset voltage, bias current · Inverting, non‑inverting, voltage‑follower (buffer) amplifiers · Summing, averaging, differentiator, integrator, differential, instrumentation, log and antilog amplifiers · Voltage‑to‑current and current‑to‑voltage converters, comparators, Schmitt trigger · Active filters, 555 timer and its applications

Unit 1Basic Java Features

C++ Vs JAVA · JAVA virtual machine · Constant & Variables · Data Types · Class · Methods · Objects · Strings and Arrays · Type Casting · Operators · Precedence relations · Control Statements · Exception Handling · File and Streams · Visibility · Constructors · Operator and Methods Overloading · Static Members · Inheritance: Polymorphism · Abstract methods and Classes

Unit 2Java Collective Frame Work

Data Structures: Introduction · Type-Wrapper Classes for Primitive Types · Dynamic Memory Allocation · Linked List · Stack · Queues · Trees · Generics: Introduction · Overloading Generic Methods · Generic Classes · Collections: Interface Collection and Class Collections · Lists · Array List and Iterator · Linked List (Collection) · Vector · Collections Algorithms: Algorithm sorts · Algorithm shuffle · Algorithms reverse, fill, copy, max and min · Algorithm binary Search · Algorithms add All · Stack Class of Package java.util · Class Priority Queue and Interface Queue · Maps · Properties Class · Un-modifiable Collections

Unit 3Advance Java Features - Multithreading

Thread States · Priorities and Thread Scheduling · Life Cycle of a Thread · Thread Synchronization · Creating and Executing Threads · Multithreading with GUI · Monitors and Monitor Locks

Unit 4Advance Java Features - Networking and Database

Manipulating URLs · Reading a file on a Web Server · Socket programming · Security and the Network · RMI · Accessing Databases with JDBC · Relational Database concepts · SQL · MySQL · Oracle

Unit 5Advance Java Technologies - Servlets and JSP

Servlets: Overview and Architecture · Setting Up the Apache Tomcat Server · Handling HTTP GET Requests · Deploying a Web Application · Multitier Applications · Using JDBC from a Servlet · Java Server Pages (JSP): Overview · First JSP Example · Implicit Objects · Scripting · Standard Actions · Directives · Applets and Application: Loading, Displaying and Scaling Images · Animating a Series of Images · Loading and playing Audio clips

Unit 6Advance Web/Internet Programming

J2ME · J2EE · EJB · XML