EX 4th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1Numerical Methods – 1

Solution of polynomial and transcendental equations · Bisection method · Newton-Raphson method · Regula-Falsi method · Finite differences · Relation between operators · Interpolation using Newton’s forward and backward difference formulae · Interpolation with unequal intervals · Newton’s divided difference and Lagrange’s formulae

Unit 2Numerical Methods – 2

Numerical Differentiation · Numerical integration: Trapezoidal rule and Simpson’s 1/3rd and 3/8 rules · Solution of Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations by Gauss’s Elimination · Gauss’s Jordan · Crout’s methods · Jacobi’s · Gauss-Seidal · Relaxation method

Unit 3Numerical Methods – 3

Ordinary differential equations · Taylor’s series · Euler and modified Euler’s methods · RungeKutta method of fourth order for solving first and second order equations · Milne’s and Adam’s predicator-corrector methods · Partial differential equations · Finite difference solution two dimensional Laplace equation and Poission equation · Implicit and explicit methods for one dimensional heat equation · Bender-Schmidt and Crank-Nicholson methods · Finite difference explicit method for wave equation

Unit 4Transform Calculus

Laplace Transform · Properties of Laplace Transform · Laplace transform of periodic functions · Finding inverse Laplace transform by different methods · convolution theorem · Evaluation of integrals by Laplace transform · solving ODEs by Laplace Transform method · Fourier transforms

Unit 5Concept of Probability

Probability Mass function · Probability Density Function · Discrete Distribution: Binomial, Poisson’s · Continuous Distribution: Normal Distribution, Exponential Distribution

Unit 1Transformer‑I

Working principle · e.m.f. equation · Construction · Phasor diagrams · Equivalent circuit · Voltage regulation · Losses · Separation of hysteresis and eddy current losses · Efficiency · Tests: open circuit and short circuit, load, Sumpner’s test · Condition for maximum efficiency and regulation · Power and distribution transformer · All‑day efficiency · Excitation phenomenon · Autotransformer: working, advantages, equivalent circuit and phasor diagram

Unit 2Transformer‑II

Three‑phase transformer: construction, groups and connections, working and applications · Scott connection · Parallel operation of transformers: application, advantages, requirement and load sharing · Tap changers · Cooling, conservator and breather · Pulse and high‑frequency transformers

Unit 3Three‑phase Induction Motor‑I

Working principle · Construction · Comparison of slip‑ring and squirrel‑cage motors · Steady‑state analysis · Phasor diagram and equivalent circuit · Power‑flow diagram · Torque‑speed and power‑speed characteristics · Losses and efficiency · No‑load and block‑rotor test · Circle diagram

Unit 4Three‑phase Induction Motor‑II

Starting of squirrel‑cage and slip‑ring motors · Power‑factor control · Cogging & crawling · Double‑cage & deep‑bar induction motor · Impact of unbalanced supply and harmonics on performance · Speed control · Braking · Induction generator · Applications

Unit 5Single‑Phase Motors

Single‑phase induction motor: double revolving field theory, equivalent circuit and its determination, performance calculation · Starting methods and types of single‑phase induction motors: working principle and applications · Comparison with three‑phase induction motor · Single‑phase A.C. series motor · Servo motors · Linear induction motor

Unit 1Number Systems and Codes

Digital number systems, base conversion, binary, decimal, octal, hexadecimal, number system with radix r, Gray codes · Alphanumeric codes – ASCII code and BCD codes, concept of parity, complement r's & (r‑1)'s, subtraction with complements, signed binary numbers, error detecting & correcting codes · Basic theorems and properties of Boolean algebra: AND, OR, NOT operators, Boolean algebra laws, De Morgan’s theorem, Boolean expression & logic diagram · Negative logic, alternate logic‑gate representation (bubbled gates), canonical and standard forms (minterms & maxterms), sum‑of‑minterms and product‑of‑maxterms conversion · Truth tables and Karnaugh maps for 2‑, 3‑, 4‑, 5‑ and 6‑variable functions, solving digital problems using maps, don’t‑care conditions, tabular minimisation · Sum‑of‑products and product‑of‑sums reduction, exclusive‑OR & exclusive‑NOR circuits, parity generator & checker design

Unit 2Combinational Circuits

Design procedure for combinational logic · Half‑adder, full‑adder, half‑subtractor, full‑subtractor and code‑converter designs · Analysis of design using universal building blocks · Implementation of any logic function using only NAND gates or only NOR gates · Binary serial adder, parallel adder, serial/parallel adder, look‑ahead carry generator, BCD adder · Binary multiplier and magnitude comparator designs · Decoder, demultiplexer, encoder, priority encoder implementations · Multiplexer design and implementation of combinational logic diagrams

Unit 3Sequential Logic Circuits

Latches: SR latch (NAND & NOR), D latch, edge‑triggered flip‑flops, JK flip‑flop, T flip‑flop, master‑slave flip‑flop · Analysis of clocked sequential circuits: state tables, state diagrams, state reduction, state equations, state assignments · Flip‑flop excitation tables and characteristic equations · Design procedure for sequential circuits using state reduction · Applications of flip‑flops in sequential logic design

Unit 4Registers and Counters

Asynchronous and synchronous counters, modulus counters, down counters, up/down counters, ripple‑counter propagation delay · Programmable counters, presettable counters, BCD counters, cascading counters, counter applications and decoding glitches · Ring counter, Johnson counter, rotate‑left and rotate‑right counters · Registers: buffer register, shift‑left, shift‑right, bidirectional shift registers, parallel‑in‑parallel‑out, serial‑in‑serial‑out, parallel‑in‑serial‑out, serial‑in‑parallel‑out registers

Unit 5Memory and Converters

Random Access Memory (RAM): timing waveform, memory decoding, internal construction, coincident decoding, address multiplexing · Read‑Only Memory (ROM) implementation, types of ROMs, combinational PLDs, Programmable Logic Array (PLA), Programmable Array Logic (PAL), sequential programmable devices · Analog‑to‑Digital conversion techniques: ramp, dual‑slope, integrating, successive‑approximation, parallel, serial, converter specifications · Digital‑to‑Analog conversion techniques: binary‑weighted and R/2R DACs

Unit 1Overview of Electrical Energy Generation

General background, structure and components of power network · Introduction to conventional, non-conventional & distributed generation · Effect of transmission voltage on power system economy · Selection of size of feeder · Comparison of isolated versus interconnected power system · Problems associated with modern large interconnected power system · Power plant economics – load curves, base load, peak load · Power plant economics – load factor, demand factor, diversity factor, capacity factor, utilization factor · Cost of electricity – capital cost, fuel and operation cost

Unit 2Transmission Line Components & Underground Cabling

Inductance, resistance and capacitance of transmission line · Calculation of inductance for single‑phase and three‑phase lines · Concept of GMR and GMD; symmetrical & asymmetrical configurations · Calculation of capacitance for two‑wire and three‑wire systems · Effect of ground on capacitance; charging current · Transposition of line; composite conductor; skin and proximity effect; bundle conductors · Underground cable vs overhead line comparison; classification of cables · Requirements of cable construction; capacitance of single and multi‑core cable · Economic core diameter; dielectric stress in cable; grading of cables · Ionization and heating of cables; dielectric losses and sheath loss · Thermal resistance of cables

Unit 3Transmission Systems & Performance of Transmission Line

Various transmission system types and effect of system voltage · Comparison of conductor materials for overhead systems · Short, medium and long transmission line representations (Nominal π, Nominal T, equivalent models) · Network models and ABCD constants for symmetrical & asymmetrical networks · Mathematical solution for regulation & efficiency of all line types · Surge impedance, loading, long‑line equation and its equivalent · Tuned power lines; power flow through transmission line; circle diagram · Methods of voltage control; static & rotating VAR generators; transformer control

Unit 4Insulator & Mechanical Design

Insulator and mechanical design; types of conductors for overhead lines · Types of line supports and towers; distribution of conductors over towers · Spacing between conductors; span length and sag‑tension calculations · Wind and ice loading; line support at different levels; string chart and sag template · Stringing of conductors; vibration and vibration dampers · Insulator materials; types of insulators for overhead lines; failure modes · Voltage distribution of suspension insulators; shielding and grading; string efficiency

Unit 5Voltage Control & Distribution System

AC single‑phase, three‑phase, three‑wire & four‑wire distribution systems · Kelvin’s law for most economical conductor size · Substation layout and equipment; bus‑bar configurations (single, sectionalized, double) · Main and transfer bus‑bar systems; ring mains

Unit 1Modeling of dynamic systems

Modeling of dynamic systems: Electrical, Mechanical and hydraulic systems · Concept of transfer function · Laplace Transform · State space description of dynamic systems: Open and closed loop systems · Signal flow graph · Mason’s formula · Components of control systems: Error detectors (Synchros & Potentiometer) · Servomotors (AC & DC) · Tacho‑generators · Power amplifier · Steerer motors

Unit 2Time‑domain analysis of closed loop systems

Test signals · Time response of first and second order systems · Time domain performance specifications · Steady state error & error constants · Feedback control actions: Proportional, derivative and integral control

Unit 3Stability

Routh‑Hurwitz stability analysis · Characteristic equation of closed loop system · Root loci construction · Effect of adding poles and zeros on the loci · Stability by root loci

Unit 4Frequency‑domain analysis

Bode plots · Effect of adding poles and zeros · Polar plot · Nyquist stability analysis · Relative stability: Gain and phase margins

Unit 5Design of control systems

Design of control systems with PD/PI/PID control in time domain and frequency domain · Lead‑lag compensation · Lag‑lead compensation · Design of compensating networks · Solution of state equation: Eigenvalues & eigenvectors · Digitalization of state transition matrix

Unit 1Overview

Introduction · History · Features

Unit 2Environment Setup

Local Environment Setup · Getting Python · Installation of Python · Use of IDE

Unit 3Basic Syntax

Python Identifiers · Reserved Words · Lines & Indentation · Multiline Statements · Quotation in Python · Comments & other useful constructs

Unit 4Variables

Assigning Values to Variables · Multiple Assignment · Standard Data Types · Python Numbers · Python Strings · Python Lists · Python Tuples · Data Type Conversion

Unit 5Basic Operators

Types of Operators · Arithmetic Operators · Comparison Operators · Assignment Operators · Bitwise Operators · Logical Operators · Operator Precedence

Unit 6Decision Making

If statement Flowchart & Syntax

Unit 7Loops

Available loops flowchart · Syntax · Usage

Unit 8Functions

Defining a Function · Syntax · Calling a Function · Function Arguments · Anonymous Functions

Unit 9Applications & Further Extensions