EX 5th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1D.C. Machine-I

Basic construction of DC machines · Types of DC machines and method of excitation · Lap and wave windings · EMF equation · Armature reaction and methods of limiting armature reaction · Commutation process and methods for improving commutation · Basic performance of DC generators and their performance characteristics · Metadyne and Amplidyne · Permanent magnet DC motors · Brushless dc motors

Unit 2D.C. Machine-II

Basic operation of DC motors · Torque equation · Operating characteristics of DC motors · Starting of DC motors – 2 point, 3 point and 4 point starters · Speed control of DC motors · Losses and efficiency of DC machines · Testing of DC machines, direct testing, Swinburne’s test and Hopkinson’s test · Application of DC machines

Unit 3Synchronous Machine-I

Construction · Types of prime movers · Excitation system including brushless excitation · Polyphase distributive winding, integral slot and fractional slot windings · EMF equation · Generation of harmonics and their elimination · Armature reaction · Synchronous reactance and impedance · Equivalent circuit of alternator · Relation between generated voltage and terminal voltage · Voltage regulation of alternators using synchronous impedance, mmf, zpf and new A.S.A method

Unit 4Synchronous Machine-II

Salient pole machines · Two reaction theory equivalent circuit model and phasor diagram · Determination of Xd and Xq by slip test · SCR and its significance · Regulation of salient pole alternator · Power angle equation and characteristics · Synchronizing of alternator with infinite busbar · Parallel operation and load sharing · Synchronizing current, synchronizing power and synchronising torque coefficient · Synchro scopes and phase sequence indicator · Effect of varying excitation and mechanical torque

Unit 5Synchronous machine-III

Synchronous motor operation, starting and stopping of synchronous motor · Pull in torque · Motor under load power and torque · Reluctance torque · Effect of excitation · Effect of armature reaction · Power factor adjustment, V curves, inverted V curves · Synchronous motors as power factor correcting device · Super synchronous and sub synchronous motors · Hunting and damper winding efficiency and losses · Analysis of short circuit oscillogram · Determination of various transient, sub transient and steady reactances and time constants · Expression of transient and sub transient reactances in terms of self and mutual inductances of various winding · Short circuit current, equivalent circuit · Single phase synchronous motors – hysteresis motor, reluctance motor · Repulsion motor, stepper motor, switched reluctance

Unit 1Advantages and application of power electronic devices; Power diode, power transistor, GTO, Triac, Diac, Power MOSFET, IGBT, LASCR, Fast recovery diode, Schottky diode, MCTs; SCR operation, characteristics and commutation techniques

Advantages and applications of power electronic devices · Characteristics, symbols and applications of power diodes · Characteristics, symbols and applications of power transistors · Characteristics, symbols and applications of GTOs · Characteristics, symbols and applications of Triacs · Characteristics, symbols and applications of Diacs · Characteristics, symbols and applications of Power MOSFETs · Characteristics, symbols and applications of IGBTs · Characteristics, symbols and applications of LASCRs · Characteristics, symbols and applications of fast‑recovery diodes · Characteristics, symbols and applications of Schottky diodes · Characteristics, symbols and applications of MCTs · Principle of operation of SCRs · Two‑transistor analogy for SCRs · Construction features of SCRs · Static characteristics of SCRs · Turn‑on and turn‑off conditions of SCRs · Gate characteristics of SCRs · Methods for turning on SCRs · Turn‑off methods for SCRs · Commutation techniques (Class A, B, C, D, E, F) · Firing of SCRs in three‑phase circuits · Resistance firing circuit and RC firing circuit · UJT firing circuit and ramp triggering · Design of snubber circuits and gate protection · SCR rating, over‑voltage and over‑current protection · Series and parallel operation of SCRs, string efficiency and associated problems

Unit 2Operation and analysis of rectifier circuits

Single‑phase half‑wave uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load · Single‑phase full‑wave uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load · Three‑phase uncontrolled rectifier with resistive load · Single‑phase half‑wave controlled rectifier with resistive load · Single‑phase full‑wave controlled rectifier with resistive load · Three‑phase controlled rectifier with resistive load · Operation with resistive‑inductive (R‑L‑E) loads – continuous and discontinuous conduction · Effect of freewheeling diode on rectifier performance · Influence of source inductance on rectifier characteristics · Estimation of average load voltage and load current for each configuration · Active and reactive power input calculations for each rectifier type · Comparison between midpoint and bridge rectifier circuits

Unit 3Inverter topologies and control

Series and parallel inverter configurations · Voltage‑source and current‑source inverter principles · Single‑phase bridge inverter · Three‑phase bridge inverter · Self‑commutated inverters · McMurray and MC‑Murray‑Beddford inverter topologies · Voltage control techniques for single‑phase bridge inverter · Voltage control techniques for three‑phase bridge inverter · Harmonic generation in inverters · Harmonic reduction techniques

Unit 4Chopper circuits and control strategies

Principle of operation of choppers · Various control strategies for choppers · Step‑up (boost) chopper configuration · Step‑down (buck) chopper configuration · Step‑up/step‑down (buck‑boost) chopper configuration · Chopper types A, B, C, D, and E · Steady‑state analysis of chopper circuits · Current commutation in chopper circuits · Voltage commutation in chopper circuits · Jones & Morgen’s chopper analysis

Unit 5Cycloconverters, AC voltage controllers and SMVRs

Single‑phase midpoint and bridge cycloconverter configurations · Three‑phase cycloconverter configuration and operation principles · AC voltage controllers using SCRs and TRIACs for single‑phase full‑wave control with R and RL loads · Estimation of RMS load voltage and RMS load current for AC voltage controllers · Input power factor calculation for AC voltage controllers · Three‑phase AC voltage controller (conceptual analysis) · Dual converter operation · Switched‑mode voltage regulators: buck, boost, buck‑boost, and C‑k regulators

Unit 1Introduction and Hydro‑Electric Power Plants

Energy sources and their availability · Principal types of power plants, their special features, applications, present status and future trends · Hydro‑electric power plants: essentials, classifications, hydro‑electric survey, rainfall‑run‑off, hydrograph, flow‑duration curve, mass curve, storage capacity, site selection, plant layout, components · Types of turbines, governor and speed regulation, pumped storage, small‑scale hydro plants (mini and micro)

Unit 2Thermal Power Plant

General developing trends and essentials of thermal power plants · Plant layout and major components · Coal handling: storage, preparation, handling, feeding and combustion · Cooling towers, ash handling, water‑treatment plant · High‑pressure boilers and steam turbines

Unit 3Non‑Conventional Power Generation

Geothermal power plants · Electricity from biomass · Direct energy conversion systems: solar and wind · Thermo‑electric conversion systems · Fuel cells · Magneto‑hydro‑dynamic systems

Unit 4Gas Turbine and Nuclear Power Plants

Gas turbine power plants: field of use, components, plant layout, comparison with steam power plants, combined steam‑gas cycles · Nuclear power plants: nuclear fuels, nuclear energy, main components, reactor types and applications, radiation shielding, radioactive waste disposal and safety aspects

Unit 5Power Plant Economics

Cost of electrical energy · Selection of generation type and equipment · Performance and operating characteristics of power plants · Economic scheduling principles and load curves · Effect of load on power‑plant design, load forecasting · Electric tariffs and peak‑load pricing

Unit 1Solar Energy - Basic Concepts

Introduction · The Sun as source of energy · The Earth, Sun, Earth radiation spectrum · Extra‑terrestrial and terrestrial radiations · Spectral power distribution of solar radiation · Depletion of solar radiation · Measurement of solar radiation · Solar radiation data · Solar time · Solar radiation geometry · Solar day length · Extra‑terrestrial radiation on horizontal surface · Empirical equations for estimating terrestrial solar radiation on horizontal surface · Solar radiation on inclined plane surface

Unit 2Solar Thermal Systems

Introduction · Solar collectors · Solar water heater · Solar passive space heating and cooling systems · Solar industrial heating systems · Solar refrigeration and air conditioning systems · Solar cookers

Unit 3Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Introduction · Solar cell fundamentals · Solar cell characteristics · Solar cell classification · Solar cell technologies · Solar cell, module, and array construction · Maximizing the solar PV output and load matching · Maximum Power Point Tracker · Balance of system components · Solar PV systems · Solar PV applications

Unit 4Wind Energy

Introduction · Basic principles of wind energy conversion · History of wind energy · Wind energy scenario – world and India · The nature of the wind · The power in the wind · Forces on the blades · Wind energy conversion · Wind data and energy estimation · Site selection considerations · Environment and economics of wind energy systems · Environmental benefits and problems of wind energy · Economics of wind energy

Unit 5Basic Components of a Wind Energy Conversion (WEC) System

Classification of WEC systems · Advantages and disadvantages of WECS · Types of wind machines (wind energy collectors) · Analysis of aerodynamic forces acting on the blade · Performance of wind machines · Generating systems · Energy storage · Applications of wind energy · Environmental aspects

Unit 1World Energy Use – Reserves of Energy Resources – Environmental Aspects of Energy Utilisation – Renewable Energy Scenario in Tamil nadu, India and around the World – Potentials – Achievements / Applications – Economics of renewable energy systems

World Energy Use · Reserves of Energy Resources · Environmental Aspects of Energy Utilisation · Renewable Energy Scenario in Tamil Nadu, India and around the World · Potentials · Achievements / Applications · Economics of renewable energy systems

Unit 2Solar Radiation – Measurements of Solar Radiation – Flat Plate and Concentrating Collectors – Solar direct Thermal Applications – Solar thermal Power Generation – Fundamentals of Solar Photo Voltaic Conversion – Solar Cells – Solar PV Power Generation – Solar PV Applications

Solar Radiation · Measurements of Solar Radiation · Flat Plate and Concentrating Collectors · Solar direct Thermal Applications · Solar thermal Power Generation · Fundamentals of Solar Photo Voltaic Conversion · Solar Cells · Solar PV Power Generation · Solar PV Applications

Unit 3Wind Data and Energy Estimation – Types of Wind Energy Systems – Performance – Site Selection – Details of Wind Turbine Generator – Safety and Environmental Aspects

Wind Data and Energy Estimation · Types of Wind Energy Systems · Performance · Site Selection · Details of Wind Turbine Generator · Safety and Environmental Aspects

Unit 4Biomass direct combustion – Biomass gasifiers – Biogas plants – Digesters – Ethanol production – Bio diesel – Cogeneration – Biomass Applications

Biomass direct combustion · Biomass gasifiers · Biogas plants · Digesters · Ethanol production · Bio diesel · Cogeneration · Biomass Applications

Unit 5Tidal energy – Wave Energy – Open and Closed OTEC Cycles – Small Hydro-Geothermal Energy – Hydrogen and Storage – Fuel Cell Systems – Hybrid Systems

Tidal energy · Wave Energy · Open and Closed OTEC Cycles · Small Hydro-Geothermal Energy · Hydrogen and Storage · Fuel Cell Systems · Hybrid Systems

Unit 1Power Supply and Rectifiers

Power supply basics · Half‑wave and full‑wave rectifiers · Performance parameters of power supplies · Filters: capacitor, inductor, LC, and π configurations · Bleeder resistor · Voltage multipliers · Regulated power supplies: series and shunt voltage regulators, fixed and adjustable voltage regulators, current regulator · Switched regulator (SMPS) · Comparison of linear and switched power supplies · Switch‑mode converters: flyback, buck, boost, buck‑boost, Cuk converters

Unit 2Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCR) and Line‑Commutated Converters

Constructional features of SCRs · Principle of operation of SCRs · SCR terminology · Turn‑on methods for SCRs · Turn‑off methods for SCRs · Triggering methods of SCR circuits · Types of commutation in SCRs · Comparison of thyristors and transistors · Thermal characteristics of SCRs · Causes of damage to SCRs · SCR over‑voltage protection circuits · Line‑commutated converters: half‑wave rectifier with inductive and resistive load, single‑phase and three‑phase full‑wave rectifiers

Unit 3SCR Family Devices and Power Semiconductor Devices

Triacs, Diacs and Quadracs (members of the SCR family) · Recovery characteristics of SCR‑family devices · Fast‑recovery diodes · Power diodes · Power transistors · Power MOSFETs · Insulated‑gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) · Loss mechanisms in semiconductor devices · Comparison between power MOSFETs, power transistors and power IGBTs

Unit 4Operational Amplifier Applications

Basics of operational amplifiers (OP‑AMP) · Relaxation oscillator using OP‑AMP · Window comparator circuits · OP‑AMP as rectangular‑to‑triangular pulse converter and vice versa · Wien‑bridge oscillator · Function generator circuits · Frequency response of OP‑AMPs · Simplified OP‑AMP circuit diagrams · Power supply designs using OP‑AMPs · Filters implemented with OP‑AMPs: low‑pass and high‑pass configurations

Unit 5Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC)

Functions and applications of PLCs · Advantages and disadvantages of PLCs over conventional relay controllers · Comparison of PLCs with process‑control computer systems · Factors to consider when selecting a PLC · Functional block diagram of a PLC · Microprocessor architecture in PLCs · Memory organization in PLCs · Input and output modules (interface cards) · Sequence of operations in a PLC · PLC status monitoring · Event‑driven device handling · Ladder logic programming language · Simple process‑control applications of PLCs · Programming examples for PLCs

Unit 1Coordinate Systems, Vector Calculus and Electrostatic Fields

Cartesian, cylindrical & spherical co-ordinate systems · Scalar & vector fields · Gradient, divergence & curl of a vector field · Divergence theorem & Stokes’s theorem · Concept of vectors · Electrostatic Fields – Coulomb’s law · Electric field intensity due to different charge distributions (line charge, sheet charge) · Field due to continuous volume – electric potential · Properties of potential function, potential gradient, equipotential surfaces, line of force · Gauss law, applications of Gauss law, Gauss law in point form, method of images

Unit 2Potential Theory, Capacitors and Continuity

Laplace’s & Poisson’s equations · Solution of Laplace’s equation · Electric dipole and dipole moment · Potential & electric field intensity due to dipole · Behavior of conductors in an electric field · Conductor & insulator, electric field inside a dielectric, polarization · Boundary value conditions for electric field · Capacitance & capacitances of various types of capacitors · Energy stored and energy density in static electric field · Current density, conduction & convection current density · Ohm’s law in point form, equation of continuity

Unit 3Static Magnetic Fields and Forces

Static Magnetic Field, Biot‑Savart’s law · Magnetic field intensity due to straight current‑carrying filament, circular, square and solenoidal conductors · Relationship between magnetic flux, flux density & magnetic field intensity · Ampere’s circuital law and its applications · Magnetic field intensity due to infinite sheet and other configurations · Ampere’s circuital law in point form · Magnetic force; moving charge in a magnetic field · Lorentz force on straight and long current‑carrying conductors · Force between two long parallel current‑carrying conductors · Magnetic dipole & dipole moment, differential current loop as dipole · Torque on a current‑carrying loop in magnetic field · Magnetic boundary conditions

Unit 4Magnetic Potentials, Inductance and Maxwell’s Equations

Scalar magnetic potential and its limitations · Vector magnetic potential and its properties · Vector magnetic potential due to different simple configurations · Self and mutual inductances; determination of self & mutual inductances · Self inductance of solenoid and toroid coils · Mutual inductance between a straight long wire & a square loop · Energy stored in magnetic field & energy density · Faraday’s law, transformer & motional EMFs · Displacement current · Maxwell’s equations as generalization of circuit equations · Maxwell’s equations in free space · Maxwell’s equations for harmonically varying fields, static and steady fields · Maxwell’s equations in differential & integral form

Unit 5Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation

Uniform plane wave in time domain in free space · Sinusoidally time‑varying uniform plane wave in free space · Wave equation and solution for material medium · Uniform plane wave in dielectrics and conductors · Poynting vector theorem; instantaneous, average and complex Poynting vector · Power loss in a plane conductor; energy storage · Polarization of waves · Reflection by conductors and dielectrics – normal & oblique incidence · Reflection at surface of a conducting medium; surface impedance · Transmission line analogy

Unit 1Crystal Structure and Engineering Materials

Crystal structure of materials; crystal systems; unit cells, space lattices and lattice defects · Classes of engineering materials – metals and alloys, ferrous and non‑ferrous alloys · Low‑alloy steels, aluminium alloys, copper alloys, stainless steels and cast iron · Ceramics, organic polymers and composite materials · Classification of solids from an electrical‑engineering point of view · Conducting materials – properties of conductors and characteristics of good conductors · Commonly used conducting materials for overhead lines, underground cables and electrical machines · Types of conductors and conductor configurations · Resistor materials, types of resistors and materials for bus‑bars

Unit 2Dielectric Materials and Insulators

Dielectric materials – dielectric strength, factors affecting dielectric strength, dielectric loss and dissipation factor · Permittivity, polarization and charging/discharging of dielectrics · Conduction mechanisms through dielectrics · Applications of dielectrics in different types of capacitors and the materials used for them · Insulating materials – thermal, chemical, mechanical and electrical properties · Common insulating materials such as ceramic, mica, glass, rubber, resins, wax‑varnishes and classification of insulators · Transformer oils and their testing procedures · Piezoelectricity and ferroelectricity

Unit 3Energy‑Band Theory and Semiconductor Applications

Energy‑band diagram concepts for conductors, semiconductors and insulators · Types of semiconductor materials and their working principles · Temperature‑sensitive semiconductor elements and photoconductive devices · Photovoltaic cells, varistors, Hall‑effect generators, LCDs, light‑dependent resistors and LEDs · Piezo‑electric semiconductor materials, semiconductor lasers and their characteristics · Photo‑conductors, photodiodes, avalanche photodiodes and photo‑transistors

Unit 4Magnetic Materials

Classification of magnetic materials – diamagnetism, paramagnetism, ferromagnetism · Magnetisation curves, hysteresis loops and magnetostriction · Factors influencing permeability and hysteresis · Anti‑ferromagnetism and ferromagnetism, magnetic resonance · $B\!\!-$H curves for different magnetic materials, magnetic losses and impurity effects · Soft and hard magnetic materials, ferrites

Unit 5Superconductivity and Advanced Functional Materials

Superconductivity and its applications · Materials for MHD generators and thermoelectric generators · Thermionic conductors and physical/electrical properties of SF\(_6\) · Specification of SF\(_6\) gas for GIS applications and its advantages · Nanomaterials, ultralight materials and metallic foams

Unit 1Basic Simulation Mechanism and Simulation Tools

Starting and Ending MATLAB · MATLAB Desktop · Help Browser · Types of Files · Command Input Assistance · Operators and Special Characters · Variables and Arrays · Handling Arrays · Useful Built-in Functions · Control Structures · Input/Output Commands · File Handling

Unit 2Introduction to Plotting

The plot command · Formatting and labeling a plot · Multiple plots · Adding legend · Sub‑plots · Plotting complex data · 2‑D and 3‑D plots · Plotting a function · Plot editor · Interactive plotting using the plotting tool

Unit 3Programming in MATLAB

MATLAB Editor · MATLAB programming · Debugging MATLAB programs · MATLAB debugger · Functions and function files · Differential equation solver · Symbolic mathematics · Programming examples

Unit 4Basic Electrical and Networks Applications

Analysis of electrical networks – experiments based on solution of series‑parallel circuits · Solution of systems with linear equations – experiments based on mesh and nodal analysis · Experiments for validation of network theorems · Solution of network problems