Electrical Measurements and Instruments (EX-303) - Official Syllabus

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Unit 1

Introduction, History and overview of measurement system
Fundamentals of Measurement system
Static and Dynamic Characteristics of measurement systems: Systematic Characteristics, Generalized model, Transfer function, Techniques for dynamic compensation
Accuracy of measurement systems in steady state: Measurement error, Error probability function, Error reduction techniques, Reliability, Choice and Economics of measurement systems
Loading effects due to shunt connected and series connected instruments, calibration curve, Testing & calibration of instruments
Galvanometers – Theory, principle of operation and construction of ballistic galvanometer, D’arsonal galvanometer
Definition of analog & digital instruments, Classification of analog instruments, their operating principle, Operating force, Types of supports, Damping, Controlling

Unit 2

Different types of Ammeter & Voltmeter – PMMC, MI, Electrodynamometer, Induction
Expression for control & deflection torque, their advantages, disadvantages & error
Extension of range of instruments using shunt & multiplier
Digital Voltmeter, Ammeter, Multimeter and Wattmeter
Instrument transformers: Potential and current transformers, ratio and phase angle errors, testing of instrument transformers, Difference between CT and PT, errors and reduction of errors

Unit 3

Measurement of power: Power in AC and DC Circuit, Electrodynamometer type of wattmeter
Construction, theory, operation & error
Low power factor & UPF wattmeter
Double element and three element dynamometer wattmeter
Measurement of power in three phase circuit, one, two & three wattmeter method
Measurement of reactive power by single wattmeter
Measurement of power using CTs & PTs

Unit 4

Measurement of Energy: Single phase and three phase digital / Electronic energy meter – construction & operation – Energy flow and power calculations, errors – Testing by phantom loading
Tri-vector meter, Maximum demand meter, Ampere hour meter
Power factor meter– Single phase and three phase Electro-dynamometer type & moving iron type
Frequency meter – Vibrating reed, Resonance type & Weston type, Synchronoscope
Ohmmeter –series & shunt type, Megger & Ratio meter

Unit 5

Resistance Measurement – Classification of low, medium & high resistance – Voltmeter-Ammeter method, Wheatstone Bridge, Kelvin’s double bridge & loss of charge methods for resistance measurement
Earth resistance measurement
Magnetic Measurement – B-H Curve, Hysteresis Loop determination
Power loss in sheet metal – Lloyd Fischer square for measurement of power loss

Laboratory Experiments

Measurement of low resistance using Kelvin’s Double bridge
Measurement of medium resistance using Wheatstone’s bridge
Measurement of high resistance by loss of charge method
Measurement of Insulation resistance using Megger
Measurement of earth resistance by fall of potential method and verification by using earth tester
Measurement of power in a single phase ac circuit by 3 voltmeter/ 3 Ammeter method
Calibration of a dynamometer type of wattmeter with respect to a standard/Sub Standard wattmeter
Calibration of single phase digital/ Electronic type energy meter.
Calibration of a dynamometer type of wattmeter by Phantom Loading method.
Measurements using Instrument Transformers.
Study of various types of Indicating Instruments.
Measurement of Power in three phase circuit by one, two & three wattmeters.

Electrical and Electronic Measurements — G. K. Banerjee — PHI Learning Pvt.Ltd.
Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurement — R. B. Northrop — CRC press Taylor & Francis
Fundamentals of Electrical & Electronic Measurements — Vijay Singh — New Age International Publishers
A course in Electrical & Electronic Measurements & Instrumentation — A.K. Sawhney — Dhanpat Rai & co(p) Ltd ,New Delhi

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