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EX-701 Power System Protection Notes

5 notes for Power System Protection, unit by unit.

Unit 1 · Short notes Fault Analysis Faults in power systems · Single line diagram · Equivalent impedance diagram · Per unit reactances · Analysis of power systems by symmetrical components under three‑phase short circuit · Line‑to‑line fault analysis
Unit 2 · Short notes Relays General considerations and sensing of faults · Construction of electromagnetic attraction‑type relays · Construction of electromagnetic induction‑type relays · Buchholz relay and negative‑sequence relay · Concept of reset, pick‑up, inverse‑time and definite‑time characteristics · Over‑current, over‑voltage, directional, differential and distance relays on R‑X diagram
Unit 3 · Short notes Protection Types and detection of faults and their effects · Alternator protection scheme (stator, rotor, reverse‑power protection, etc.) · Power transformer protection – external and internal faults · Generator‑transformer unit protection scheme · Bus‑bar protection · Transmission line protection – current/time grading and distance protection
Unit 4 · Short notes Switchgear Theory of current interruption – energy‑balance and recovery‑rate theory · Arc quenching, recovery and restriking voltages · Types of circuit breakers: bulk oil, minimum oil, air‑break, air‑blast, SF\(_6\), vacuum · Rating selection and testing of circuit breakers and operating mechanisms · Low‑tension (LT) switchgear · HRC fuses – types, construction and applications
Unit 5 · Short notes Modern Trends In Protection Electronic relays · Static‑relay functional circuits: comparators, level detectors, logic and timing circuits · Microprocessor‑ and computer‑based protection schemes · Software development for protection · Security and reliability of protection systems

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