ECE 7th Semester Syllabus

1. Unit 1Practical Consideration and Technology in VLSI Design

   Introduction · Size and complexity of Integrated Circuits · The Microelectronics Field · IC Production Process · Processing Steps · Packaging and Testing · MOS Processes · NMOS Process · CMOS Process · Bipolar Technology · Hybrid Technology · Design Rules and Process Parameters

2. Unit 2Device Modeling

   Dc Models · Small Signal Models · MOS Models · MOSFET Models in High Frequency and small signal · Short channel devices · Sub threshold Operations · Modeling Noise Sources in MOSFET’s · Diode Models · Bipolar Models · Passive component Models

3. Unit 3Circuit Simulation

   Introduction · Circuit Simulation Using Spice · MOSFET Model · Level 1 Large signal model · Level 2 Large Signal Model · High Frequency Model · Noise Model of MOSFET · Large signal Diode Current · High Frequency BJT Model · BJT Noise Model · temperature Dependence of BJT

4. Unit 4Structured Digital Circuits and Systems

   Random Logic and Structured Logic Forms · Register Storage Circuits · Quasi Static Register Cells · A Static Register Cell · Micro coded Controllers · Microprocessor Design · Systolic Arrays · Bit-Serial Processing Elements · Algotronix

5. Unit 5CMOS Processing Technology

   Basic CMOS Technology · A Basic n-well CMOS Process · Twin Tub Processes · CMOS Process Enhancement · Interconnects and Circuit Elements · Layout Design Rules · Latch up · Physical Origin · Latchup Triggering · Latch up Prevention · Internal Latch up Prevention Techniques

1. Unit 1Features and applications of microwaves

   Wave propagation in striplines and microstrip lines · Slot lines · Limitations of conventional vacuum tubes · Microwave tubes like Two cavity klystron and Reflex klystron · Magnetron · TWT · Backward wave oscillator etc.

2. Unit 2Solid state microwave sources

   transferred electron devices · Tunnel diode · Gunn diode and oscillators · IMPATT diode · TRAPATT diode · Pin diode · Varactor diode · Schottky diode · Parametric amplifiers · Crystal diode · Frequency multipliers · Microwave BJT & FET

3. Unit 3Scattering matrix

   S-parameters & its applications in Network analysis · Matching Network · Detector diodes · detector mounts · detector output indicator · slotted line · measurement of power, impedance & S-parameter · measurement of frequency & VSWR

4. Unit 4Impedance transformer

   Microwave filters · Power dividers and directional couplers · E-plane Tee · H-plane tee · Matched hybrid Tee. · Wave propagation in ferrite medium · Isolators · Circulators · YIG resonators · Simulation Techniques for design of Microwave Components

5. Unit 5Analysis and design of Dielectric resonators

   Design of RF and microwave low noise and power amplifiers & oscillators using S-parameter techniques · Mixer and converter design · diode phase shifters · attenuators · Design of hybrid and monolithic, microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits

1. Unit 1Information Theory

   Introduction to uncertainty, entropy and its properties · Entropy of binary memoryless source and its extension to discrete memory‑less source · Measure of information · Information content of message · Average information content of symbols · Self information · Mutual information and its properties

2. Unit 2Coding theorem

   Source coding theorem · Prefix coding · Shannon’s encoding algorithm · Shannon‑Fano encoding algorithm · Huffman coding · Extended Huffman coding · Arithmetic coding · Lempel‑Ziv coding · Run‑length encoding

3. Unit 3Information Channels

   Communication channels · Channel models · Channel matrix · Joint probability matrix · Discrete memory‑less channels · Binary symmetric channel and its channel capacity · Channel coding theorem and its application to binary erasure channel · Shannon’s theorem on channel capacity · Capacity of channel of infinite bandwidth · Continuous channels

4. Unit 4Error Control Coding

   Introduction and examples of error control coding · Methods of controlling errors · Types of errors · Types of codes · Linear block codes: matrix description, error detection and correction capabilities, probability of undetected error for linear block code in BSC, Hamming codes and their applications · Cyclic codes: basic properties, encoding using an (n‑k) shift register, generator and parity‑check matrix, encoding and decoding circuits, syndrome computation, error detection and correction

5. Unit 5Advanced Coding Techniques

   Introduction to BCH codes, encoding and decoding, error location and correction · Convolutional codes: construction, convolution encoder, time‑domain approach, transform‑domain approach, code tree, trellis and state diagram · Viterbi algorithm: theorem for maximum‑likelihood decoding

1. Unit 1Overview of semiconductor physics

   Nanoscale band structure and Electron transport · Quantum confinement in semiconductor nanostructures: quantum wells, quantum wires, quantum dots, super-lattices, band offsets, and electronic density of states · Heavily doped semiconductors and low dimensional quantum devices

2. Unit 2Introduction to lithography

   Contact, proximity printing and Projection Printing · Resolution Enhancement techniques · Overlay-accuracies · Mask-Error enhancement factor (MEEF) · Positive and negative photoresists · Electron Lithography · Projection Printing · Direct writing · Electron resists

3. Unit 3Tunnel junction and applications of tunneling

   Tunneling Through a Potential Barrier · Metal—Insulator, Metal-Semiconductor, and Metal-Insulator-Metal Junctions · Coulomb Blockade · Coulomb blockade in nanocapacitor · Tunnel Junctions · Tunnel Junction Excited by a Current Source

4. Unit 4Field Emission, Gate—Oxide Tunneling and Hot Electron Effects in nano MOSFETs

   Field Emission · Gate—Oxide Tunneling · Hot Electron Effects in nano MOSFETs · Theory of Scanning Tunneling Microscope · Double Barrier Tunneling and the Resonant Tunneling Diode · Nanoscale MOSFET, FinFETs, charge and energy quantization in Single electron devices

5. Unit 5Scaling of physical systems – Geometric scaling & Electrical system scaling, Introduction to MEMS and NEMS

   Geometric scaling · Electrical system scaling · Introduction to MEMS and NEMS · Micro sensors (acoustic wave sensor, biomedical and biosensor, chemical sensor, optical sensor, capacitive sensor, pressure sensor and thermal sensor) · Micro actuation (thermal actuation, piezoelectric actuation)

1. Unit 1Introduction to cellular mobile system

   Basic cellular system · Performance criteria · Uniqueness of mobile radio environment · Operation of cellular systems · Planning of cellular system · General description of problem · Concept of frequency reuse channels · Co‑channel interference reduction factor · Desired C/I in an omni‑directional antenna system · Hand‑off mechanism · Cell splitting · Components of cellular systems

2. Unit 2Cell coverage for signal and traffic

   General introduction · Mobile point‑to‑point model · Propagation over water or flat open area · Foliage loss · Propagation in near‑in distance · Long distance propagation · Path loss from point‑to‑point prediction model · Cell site antenna heights and signal coverage cells · Mobile‑to‑mobile propagation · Equivalent circuits of antennas · Gain and pattern relationship · Sum and difference patterns · Antennas at cell site · Unique situations of cell site antennas · Mobile antennas

3. Unit 3Cochannel interference reduction

   Cochannel interference · Real‑time cochannel interference measurement at mobile radio transceivers · Design of antenna systems – omni‑directional and directional · Lowering the antenna height · Reduction of cochannel interference · Umbrella‑pattern effect · Diversity receiver · Designing a system to serve a predefined area that experiences cochannel interference · Adjacent channel interference · Near‑end‑far‑end interference · Effect on near‑end mobile units · Cross‑talk · Effects of coverage and interference by applying power decrease · Antenna height decrease · Beam tilting · Effects of cell site components · Interference between systems · UHF TV interference · Long‑distance interference

4. Unit 4Frequency management and Channel Assignment

   Frequency management · Frequency spectrum utilization · Setup channels · Channel assignment · Fixed channel assignment · Non‑fixed channel assignment algorithms · Additional spectrum · Traffic and channel assignment · Perception of call blocking from the subscribers · Value of implementing handoffs · Initiation of handoff · Delaying a handoff · Forced handoff · Queuing of handoff · Power‑difference handoff · Mobile assisted handoff and soft handoff · Cell‑site handoff and intersystem handoff · Dropped call rate formula

5. Unit 5Digital Cellular Systems

   GSM architecture · Layer modeling · Transmission · GSM channels and channel modes · Multiple access scheme · CDMA terms of CDMA systems · Output power limits and control · Modulation characteristics · Call processing · Hand‑off procedures · Miscellaneous mobile systems – TDD systems · Cordless phone · PDC · PCN · PCS · Non‑cellular systems

1. Unit 1Introduction

   Definition and Characteristics of \textit{IoT} · IoT Conceptual Framework · IoT Architectural View · Physical Design of \textit{IoT} · Logical Design of \textit{IoT} · Applications of \textit{IoT}

2. Unit 2M2M, SDN, NFV and Cloud Services

   Machine-to-Machine (\textit{M2M}) Communication · Software Defined Networking (\textit{SDN}) for \textit{IoT} · Network Function Virtualization (\textit{NFV}) for \textit{IoT} · Data Storage in \textit{IoT} · Cloud‑Based Services for \textit{IoT}

3. Unit 3Web Connectivity and Internet Principles

   Design Principles for Web Connectivity · Web Communication Protocols for Connected Devices (\textit{HTTP}, \textit{WebSockets}) · Message Communication Protocols (\textit{MQTT}, \textit{CoAP}, \textit{SOAP}, \textit{REST}) · Internet Connectivity Principles · IP Addressing in \textit{IoT} · Media Access Control (MAC) for \textit{IoT}

4. Unit 4Sensor and Actuator Technologies

   Sensor Technology and Participatory Sensing · Industrial \textit{IoT} and Automotive \textit{IoT} · Actuators and Sensor Data Communication Protocols · Radio‑Frequency Identification (\textit{RFID}) Technology · Wireless Sensor Network (\textit{WSN}) Technology

5. Unit 5IoT Design Methodology and Case Studies

   IoT Design Methodology: Specification, Requirements, Process, Model, Service, Functional & Operational View · Privacy and Security Solutions for \textit{IoT} · Implementation with Raspberry Pi and Arduino Platforms · Case Studies: Smart‑City Street‑Light Control and Monitoring

1. Unit 1Probability and Random Variable

   Probability introduced through Sets and Relative Frequency · Experiments and Sample Spaces · Discrete and Continuous Sample Spaces · Events · Probability Definitions and Axioms · Mathematical Model of Experiments · Probability as a Relative Frequency · Joint Probability · Conditional Probability · Total Probability · Bayes’ Theorem · Independent Events · Definition of a Random Variable · Conditions for a Function to be a Random Variable · Discrete, Continuous and Mixed Random Variables

2. Unit 2Distribution & Density Functions and Operation on One Random Variable

   Distribution and Density functions and their Properties (Binomial, Poisson, Uniform, Gaussian, Exponential, Rayleigh) · Conditional Distribution and Conditional Density · Methods of defining Conditional Event · Conditional Density Properties · Expectations – Introduction and Expected Value of a Random Variable · Function of a Random Variable · Moments about the Origin · Central Moments, Variance and Skew · Chebychev’s Inequality · Characteristic Function · Moment Generating Function · Monotonic Transformations for a Continuous Random Variable · Non‑monotonic Transformations of Continuous Random Variable · Transformation of a Discrete Random Variable

3. Unit 3Multiple Random Variables and Operations

   Vector Random Variables · Joint Distribution Function and its Properties · Marginal Distribution Functions · Conditional Distribution and Density – Point Conditioning · Conditional Distribution and Density – Interval Conditioning · Statistical Independence · Sum of Two Random Variables · Sum of Several Random Variables · Central Limit Theorem (Proof not expected) · Unequal Distribution, Equal Distributions · Expected Value of a Function of Random Variables · Joint Moments about the Origin · Joint Central Moments · Joint Characteristic Functions · Jointly Gaussian Random Variables – Two Random Variables case · Jointly Gaussian Random Variables – N Random Variables case and Properties · Transformations of Multiple Random Variables · Linear Transformations of Gaussian Random Variables

4. Unit 4Stochastic Processes – Temporal Characteristics

   Stochastic Process Concept · Classification of Processes · Deterministic and Nondeterministic Processes · Distribution and Density Functions of Processes · Concept of Stationarity and Statistical Independence · First‑Order Stationary Processes · Second‑Order and Wide‑Sense Stationarity · Nth‑Order and Strict‑Sense Stationarity · Time Averages and Ergodicity · Mean‑Ergodic Processes · Correlation‑Ergodic Processes · Autocorrelation Function and its Properties · Cross‑Correlation Function and its Properties · Covariance and its Properties · Linear System Response of Mean and Mean‑squared Value · Gaussian Random Processes · Poisson Random Process

5. Unit 5Stochastic Processes – Spectral Characteristics

   Power Spectrum and its Properties · Relationship between Power Spectrum and Autocorrelation Function · Cross‑Power Density Spectrum and its Properties · Relationship between Cross‑Power Spectrum and Cross‑Correlation Function · Spectral Characteristics of System Response · Power Density Spectrum of Response · Cross‑Power Spectral Density of Input and Output of a Linear System

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