ECE 3rd Semester Syllabus

1. Unit 1Numerical Methods – 1

   Solution of polynomial and transcendental equations · Bisection method · Newton-Raphson method · Regula-Falsi method · Finite differences · Relation between operators · Interpolation using Newton’s forward and backward difference formulae · Interpolation with unequal intervals · Newton’s divided difference formulae · Lagrange’s formulae

2. Unit 2Numerical Methods – 2

   Numerical Differentiation · Numerical integration · Trapezoidal rule · Simpson’s 1/3 rule · Simpson’s 3/8 rule · Solution of Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations by Gauss’s Elimination · Gauss’s Jordan method · Crout’s method · Jacobi’s method · Gauss-Seidal method · Relaxation method

3. Unit 3Numerical Methods – 3

   Ordinary differential equations · Taylor’s series · Euler’s method · Modified Euler’s method · Runge-Kutta method of fourth order for first order equations · Runge-Kutta method of fourth order for second order equations · Milne’s predicator-corrector method · Adam’s predicator-corrector method · Partial differential equations · Finite difference solution of two dimensional Laplace equation · Finite difference solution of Poission equation · Implicit method for one dimensional heat equation · Explicit method for one dimensional heat equation · Bender-Schmidt method · Crank-Nicholson method · Finite difference explicit method for wave equation

4. Unit 4Transform Calculus

   Laplace Transform · Properties of Laplace Transform · Laplace transform of periodic functions · Finding inverse Laplace transform · Convolution theorem · Evaluation of integrals by Laplace transform · Solving ODEs by Laplace Transform method · Fourier transforms

5. Unit 5Concept of Probability

   Probability mass function · Probability density function · Discrete distribution: Binomial · Discrete distribution: Poisson’s · Continuous distribution: Normal Distribution · Continuous distribution: Exponential Distribution

1. Unit 1Theory of Measurement

   Introduction · Characteristics of Instruments and measurement systems (Static \& Dynamic) · Error analysis: Sources, types and statistical analysis · Instrument Calibration: Comparison Method · DC and AC Ammeter · DC Voltmeter – Chopper type and solid‑state · AC Voltmeter using Rectifier · Average, RMS, Peak responding voltmeters · Multimeter · Power meter · Bolometer and Calorimeter

2. Unit 2Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) and Bridges

   Different parts of CRO and block diagram · Electrostatic focusing and electrostatic deflection · Post‑deflection acceleration · Screen for CRTs and graticules · Vertical and horizontal deflection system · Time‑base circuit · Oscilloscope probes · Applications of CRO · Special purpose CROs – multi‑input, dual trace, dual beam, sampling, storage (analog and digital) · Maxwell’s bridge (inductance and inductance‑capacitance) · Hay’s bridge · Schering bridge (high voltage and relative permittivity) · Wien bridge · Impedance measurement by Q‑meter

3. Unit 3Transducers

   Classification of transducers · Strain gauge · Displacement transducer – Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) and Rotary Variable Differential Transformer (RVDT) · Temperature transducers – Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), Thermistor, Thermocouple · Piezo‑electric transducer · Optical transducers – photo‑emissive, photo‑conductive, photovoltaic, photodiode, phototransistor

4. Unit 4Signal and Function Generators

   Signal and function generators · Sweep frequency generator · Pulse and square‑wave generator · Beat frequency oscillator · Digital display system and indicators · Classification of displays · Display devices – Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

5. Unit 5Digital Instruments and Conversions

   Advantages of digital instrument over analog instrument · Digital‑to‑analog conversion (DAC) – variable resistive type, R‑2R ladder, binary ladder, weighted converter using op‑amp and transistor, practical DAC · Analog‑to‑digital conversion (ADC) – ramp technique, dual‑slope integrating type, integrating type (voltage‑to‑frequency), successive approximation · Digital voltmeters and multimeters · Resolution and sensitivity of digital multimeter

1. Unit 1Number Systems

   Decimal, Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal systems, conversion from one base to another · Codes – BCD, Excess‑3, Gray, Reflected ASCII, EBCDIC · Logic gates and binary operations – AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, Exclusive‑OR and Exclusive‑NOR · Implementations of logic functions using gates, NAND–NOR implementations, multi‑level gate implementations, multi‑output gate implementations · Boolean postulates and laws – De Morgan’s theorem, principle of duality · Boolean functions, canonical and standard forms, minimization of Boolean functions, minterm, maxterm · Sum of Products (SOP) and Product of Sums (POS) · Karnaugh‑map minimization, don’t‑care conditions · Quine‑McCluskey method of minimization

2. Unit 2Combinational Logic Circuits

   Half adder – Full adder · Half subtractor – Full subtractor · Parallel‑binary adder and parallel‑binary subtractor · Fast adder – Carry‑look‑ahead adder · Serial adder/subtractor · BCD adder · Binary multiplier and binary divider · Multiplexer/Demultiplexer · Decoder – Encoder · Parity checker – Parity generator · Code converters · Magnitude comparator

3. Unit 3Sequential Logic Design

   Building blocks – S‑R, JK and Master‑Slave JK flip‑flops, edge‑triggered flip‑flops · Finite‑state machines (FSM) · Design of synchronous FSMs · Algorithmic State Machine (ASM) charts · Design of synchronous circuits – Pulse‑train generator · Pseudo‑Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) generator · Clock generation

4. Unit 4Registers and Counters

   Asynchronous ripple (serial) counter · Asynchronous up/down counter · Synchronous counters – up/down counters, programmable counters · Design of synchronous counters – state diagram, state table, state minimization, state assignment, excitation table and maps, circuit implementation · Modulo‑n counters · Registers – shift registers, universal shift registers · Shift‑register counters – ring counter, shift counters · Sequence generators

5. Unit 5Logic Families and Semiconductor Memories

   TTL NAND gate – specifications, noise margin, propagation delay, fan‑in, fan‑out, tri‑state operation · ECL family characteristics · CMOS family characteristics and interfacing · Memory elements · Programmable logic devices (PLDs) – FPGA concepts · Logic implementation using programmable devices

1. Unit 1Semiconductor Material Properties

   Elemental & compound semiconductor materials · Bonding forces and energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic silicon · Charge carriers in semiconductors · Carrier concentration · Junction properties · Equilibrium condition · Biased junction · Steady‑state condition · Breakdown mechanism (rectifying diodes, Zener diodes) · Metal‑semiconductor junction · Special diodes: tunnel diodes, varactor diodes, Schottky diode, photodiodes, photodetector, LED, solar cell

2. Unit 2Diode Circuits and Power Supply

   Ideal and practical diode · Clipper circuits · Clamper circuits · Power‑supply rectifiers – half‑wave, full‑wave, bridge rectifier · Filter circuits · Voltage regulation using shunt regulator circuits · Voltage regulation using series regulator circuits · Voltage regulation using ICs

3. Unit 3Fundamentals of BJT

   BJT construction and basic operation · Current components and equations · Configurations: common‑base (CB), common‑emitter (CE), common‑collector (CC) · Input and output characteristics · Early effect · Regions of operation: active, cut‑off, saturation · BJT as an amplifier · Ebers‑Moll model · Power dissipation in transistor (Pd, max rating) · Phototransistor · Transistor biasing circuits: fixed bias, self bias, voltage‑divider bias, collector‑to‑base bias · Load‑line analysis (DC and AC) · Operating point and bias stabilization · Thermal runaway · Transistor as a switch

4. Unit 4Small Signal and Large Signal Analysis

   Small‑signal amplifier and bandwidth · Hybrid‑π model · h‑parameter analysis of transistor amplifier · Multistage amplifiers: cascading, boot‑strapping, Darlington, cascode · Coupling methods in multistage amplifiers · Low and high frequency response · Current‑mirror circuits · Large‑signal analysis and power amplifiers: Class A, B, AB, C, D, transformer‑coupled, push‑pull

5. Unit 5FETs, UJT and Thyristors

   JFET construction, n‑channel and p‑channel, transfer and drain characteristics, parameters, equivalent model, voltage gain, analysis in CG, CS, CD configurations · Enhancement and depletion MOSFET drain and transfer characteristics · Unijunction transistor (UJT) principle of operation, characteristics, UJT relaxation oscillator · Thyristors (including SCR) operation principles

1. Unit 1Introduction to circuit theory

   Basic circuit elements R, L, C and their characteristics (linearity and time‑dependence) · Voltage and current sources (controlled and uncontrolled) · Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) analysis · Steady‑state sinusoidal analysis using phasors · Concept of phasor and vector representation · Impedance and admittance · Nodal and mesh analysis · Analysis of magnetically coupled circuits · Dot convention and coupling coefficient · Tuned circuits · Series and parallel resonance

2. Unit 2Network Graph theory

   Concept of network graph · Tree, tree branch and link · Incidence matrix · Cut‑set and tie‑set matrices · Dual networks

3. Unit 3Network Theorems

   Thevenin’s and Norton’s theorems · Superposition theorem · Reciprocity theorem · Compensation theorem · Substitution theorem · Maximum power transfer theorem · Millman’s theorem · Tellegen’s theorem · Problems involving dependent and independent sources

4. Unit 4Transient analysis and Laplace transform

   Transients in RL, RC and RLC circuits · Initial and final conditions · Time constants · Steady‑state analysis · Laplace transform solution of integro‑differential equations · Transformation of waveforms (step, ramp, gate, sinusoidal functions) · Initial and final value theorems · Application of network theorems in the transform domain

5. Unit 5Two‑port parameters

   Z, Y, ABCD and Hybrid parameters, including inverse and image parameters · Relationships between two‑port parameters · Interconnection of two‑port networks · Reciprocity and symmetry in all parameters

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