ECE 8th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1Introduction to optical fibers and light propagation

Vector nature of light · Propagation of light in free space and in a cylindrical dielectric rod · Ray model and wave model of light propagation · Different types of optical fibers · Modal analysis of fibers · Structure and wave‑guiding fundamentals of optical fibers · Basic optical laws

Unit 2Signal degradation in optical fibers

Dispersion and attenuation in optical fibers · Intermodal dispersion · Intramodal dispersion · Fabrication of optical fibers · Measurement techniques such as OTDR

Unit 3Optical sources and detectors

LEDs and laser diodes as optical sources · Laser and LED structures · Principles of photodetection · PIN photodiodes · Avalanche photodiodes · Phototransistors · Photodetector noise · Detector response time

Unit 4Optical transceivers and fiber interconnection

Direct detection and coherent receivers · Noise in detection process · Digital receiver performance evaluation and BER calculation · System design, power budgeting, rise‑time budgeting · Fiber joints and splicing techniques · Optical fiber connectors

Unit 5Optical networks and amplifiers

Optical network topologies · SONET and SDH networks · Optical amplifiers: EDFAs and Raman amplifiers · WDM systems · Passive optical networks

Unit 1Introduction of AI

What is AI? · Foundations of AI · History of AI · Agents and environments · The nature of the environment · Problem‑solving agents · Problem formulation · Search strategies

Unit 2Knowledge and Reasoning

Knowledge‑based agents · Knowledge representation · Reasoning and logic · Propositional logic · First‑order logic · Using first‑order logic · Inference in first‑order logic · Forward chaining · Backward chaining

Unit 3Learning

Learning from observations · Forms of learning · Inductive learning · Learning decision trees · Why learning works · Learning in neural networks · Learning in belief networks

Unit 4Orthogonal transforms

Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) · Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) · Haar transform · Properties of DFT · Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) structures · Decimation‑in‑time · Decimation‑in‑frequency · Linear convolution using DFT · Basic FIR filter structures · Basic IIR filter structures · FIR/IIR cascaded lattice structures · Parallel all‑pass realization of IIR transfer functions

Unit 5Multirate signal processing

Basic structures for sampling‑rate conversion · Decimators and interpolators · Multistage design of interpolators and decimators · Polyphase decomposition and FIR structures · Computationally efficient sampling‑rate converters · Lagrange interpolation · Spline interpolation · Quadrature mirror filter banks · Applications in subband coding

Unit 1Introduction

Applications and requirements of wireless services – history, service types, performance requirements, economic and social aspects. · Technical challenges in wireless communications – multipath propagation, spectrum scarcity, limited energy, user mobility, noise and interference‑limited environments. · Propagation mechanisms – free‑space loss, reflection and transmission, diffraction, scattering by rough surfaces, and wave guiding.

Unit 2Wireless Propagation Channels

Statistical description of the wireless channel – time‑invariant and time‑variant two‑path models, small‑scale fading (with/without dominant component), Doppler spectra, temporal fading dependence, and large‑scale fading. · Wideband and directional channel characteristics – delay dispersion causes, system‑theoretic description of wireless channels, WSSUS model, condensed parameters, ultra‑wideband channels, and directional descriptions.

Unit 3Channel Models

Channel models – narrowband, wideband and directional models; deterministic channel‑modeling methods. · Channel sounding – introduction, time‑domain measurements, frequency‑domain analysis, modified measurement techniques, and directionally resolved measurements. · Antennas – fundamentals, antennas for mobile stations, and antennas for base stations.

Unit 4Transceivers and Signal Processing

Structure of a wireless communication link – transceiver block diagram and simplified models. · Modulation formats and demodulation architectures. · Error probability analysis in additive white Gaussian noise (\(\text{AWGN}\)) channels, flat‑fading channels, and delay/frequency‑dispersive fading channels.

Unit 5Diversity

Diversity techniques – introduction, micro‑diversity, macro‑diversity, simulcast, signal combination, error probability with diversity reception, and transmit diversity. · Equalization methods – introduction, linear equalizers, decision‑feedback equalizers, maximum‑likelihood sequence estimation (Viterbi detector), comparative analysis of equalizer structures, fractional‑spaced equalizers, and blind equalizers.

Unit 1Overview of 5G Broadband Wireless Communications

Evaluation of mobile technologies 1G to 4G (LTE, LTE‑A, LTE‑A Pro) · Overview of 5G requirements · Regulations for 5G · Spectrum analysis and sharing for 5G

Unit 2The 5G Wireless Propagation Channels

Channel modeling requirements for 5G · Propagation scenarios and challenges in 5G modeling · Channel models for mmWave MIMO systems

Unit 3Transmission and Design Techniques for 5G

Basic requirements of transmission over 5G · Modulation techniques – OFDM, GFDM, FBMC, UFMC · Multiple access techniques – OFDMA, GFDMA, NOMA

Unit 4Device‑to‑Device (D2D) and Machine‑to‑Machine (M2M) Communications

Extension of 4G D2D standardization to 5G · Radio resource management for mobile broadband D2D · Multi‑hop and multi‑operator D2D communications

Unit 5Millimeter‑Wave Communications

Spectrum regulations and deployment scenarios for mmWave · Beam‑forming and physical‑layer techniques · Interference and mobility management in mmWave systems · Massive MIMO propagation channel models · Channel estimation in massive MIMO · Massive MIMO with imperfect CSI · Multi‑cell massive MIMO and pilot contamination · Spatial modulation (SM)

Unit 1Review of Cellular Networks

Mobile telephony, GSM, CDMA/CD and UMTS · Advancement and migrations of cellular technologies · WLAN PHY and MAC layers – IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, ac) · HIPERLAN · Wireless ATM · WiMAX PHY and MAC layers – IEEE 802.16 (fixed and mobile)

Unit 2LTE Systems

Introduction to 3GPP, LTE and LTE‑A standards · LTE uplink and downlink operation · E‑UTRAN architecture, mobility and resource management · UTRAN architecture and services · HSDPA and HSUPA technologies · OFDM and OFDMA modulation schemes · SISO and MIMO system concepts · OFDM‑MIMO integration

Unit 3Wireless Sensor Networks

Introduction to wireless sensor networks (WSN) and architecture · Coverage planning and node placement strategies · Topology management in WSNs · Applications of WSNs and mobile WSN scenarios · Technologies for sensor nodes and network platforms · Operating environments including underwater WSNs · Security mechanisms for WSNs · MAC protocols for WSNs · Routing and transport protocols for WSNs

Unit 4Wireless Routing Protocols

Medium access problems in wireless networks · Traditional routing approaches · Mobile network layer and Mobile IP concepts · Introduction to IPv4 and IPv6 addressing · Data forwarding procedures in Mobile IP (IPv4 & IPv6) · Mobility management and protocol trade‑offs · Congestion window management techniques · Mobile transport layer protocols: Traditional TCP, Mobile TCP, Indirect TCP, Reno, New‑Reno, Tahoe, Vegas, UDP

Unit 5Internet of Things (IoT) and GPS Systems

IoT architecture, design principles and required capabilities · IoT devices and gateways; case studies (body‑area sensor networks, smart homes, smart vehicles, smart manufacturing) · Emerging IoT standards and protocols (IEEE 802.15 WPAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, UWB, RFID) · IoT protocol stack and interfacing between 802.11 and Bluetooth · Geolocation service techniques and standards · Introduction to GPS‑aided GAGAN, E.911 · ZigBee, UWB and RFID technologies

Unit 1Digital Image Processing (DIP)

Introduction to digital image processing, including examples of application fields and the fundamental steps of DIP · Components of an image processing system · Digital image fundamentals: elements of visual perception, image sensing and acquisition, image sampling and quantization, basic relationships between pixels

Unit 2Image Transforms

Two‑dimensional impulse and its shifting properties · The $2D$ continuous Fourier transform pair · The $2D$ sampling theorem and $2D$ sampling · $2D$ Discrete Fourier Transform ($\text{DFT}$) and its properties · Other transforms and their properties: Cosine transform, Sine transform, Walsh transform, Hadamard transform, Haar transform, Slant transform, Karhunen‑Lo\`eve (KL) transform

Unit 3Image Enhancement

Spatial‑domain methods: basic intensity transformation functions, fundamentals of spatial filtering, smoothing spatial filters (linear and non‑linear), sharpening spatial filters (unsharp masking and high‑boost filtering), combined spatial enhancement techniques · Frequency‑domain methods: fundamentals of filtering in the frequency domain, image smoothing filters (Butterworth and Gaussian low‑pass filters), image sharpening filters (Butterworth and Gaussian high‑pass filters), selective frequency filtering

Unit 4Image Restoration

Image degradation and restoration models · Noise models and restoration by spatial filtering · Noise reduction via frequency‑domain filtering · Linear shift‑invariant degradations and estimation of the degradation function · Inverse filtering, Wiener filtering, and image reconstruction from projections

Unit 5Image Compression

Fundamentals of data compression: basic compression methods such as Huffman coding, Golomb coding, LZW coding, Run‑Length coding, and symbol‑based coding · Digital image watermarking and representation/description techniques, including the Minimum Perimeter Polygons (MPP) algorithm

Unit 1Basic Concepts of Speech Processing

Articulatory Phonetics – Production and Classification of Speech Sounds · Acoustic Phonetics – acoustics of speech production · Review of Digital Signal Processing concepts · Short‑Time Fourier Transform (STFT) · Filter‑Bank methods · Linear Predictive Coding (LPC) methods

Unit 2Speech Analysis

Speech distortion measures – mathematical and perceptual · Log Spectral Distance · Cepstral Distances · Weighted Cepstral Distances · Filtering · Likelihood Distortions · Spectral Distortion using a Warped Frequency Scale · LPC coefficients · PLP coefficients · MFCC coefficients · Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) · Multiple Time‑Alignment Paths

Unit 3Speech Modeling

Markov Processes · Hidden Markov Model (HMM) evaluation · Optimal State Sequence – Viterbi Search · Baum‑Welch parameter re‑estimation · Implementation issues of HMMs

Unit 4Speech Recognition

Architecture of large‑vocabulary continuous speech recognition system · Acoustic models · Language models – n‑grams · Context‑dependent sub‑word units · Applications and present status

Unit 5Speech Synthesis

Concatenative synthesis methods · Waveform synthesis methods · Sub‑word units for text‑to‑speech (TTS) · Intelligibility and naturalness – role of prosody · Applications and present status

Unit 1Amplitude Shift Keying Modulation and Demodulation

Unit 2Frequency shift keying Modulation and Demodulation

Unit 3BPSK Generation and Detection

Unit 4DPSK Generation and detection.

Unit 5QPSK Generation and detection

Unit 6Time Division Multiplexing of 2 Bandlimited Signals

Unit 7Analog and Digital Communication Link Using Optical Fiber

Unit 8Study of Manchaster Coding & Decoding

Unit 9Measurement of frequency,guided wavelength,power,VSWR and attenuation in a microwave test bench

Unit 10Study Of Dipole Antenna Radiation Pattern ( Simple Dipole and Folded Dipole antenna)

Unit 11To find the Gain and Directivity of Yagi-Uda Antenna, Dipole antenna and Patch antenna

Unit 12Determination of coupling and isolation characteristics of a stripline directional coupler.

Unit 13Power Division and Isolation characteristics of a microstrip 3dB power divider