ECE 6th Semester Syllabus

1. Unit 1Discrete-Time Signals and Systems

   Discrete-time signals · Discrete-time systems · Analysis of discrete-time linear time-invariant systems · Discrete time systems described by difference equation · Solution of difference equation · Implementation of discrete-time systems · Stability and causality · Frequency domain representation of discrete time signals and systems

2. Unit 2The z-Transform

   The direct z-transform · Properties of the z-transform · Rational z-transforms · Inversion of the z transform · Analysis of linear time-invariant systems in the z-domain · Block diagrams and signal flow graph representation of digital network · Matrix representation

3. Unit 3Frequency Analysis of Discrete Time Signals

   Discrete Fourier series (DFS) · Properties of the DFS · Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) · Properties of DFT · Two dimensional DFT · Circular convolution

4. Unit 4Efficient Computation of the DFT

   FFT algorithms · Decimation in time algorithm · Decimation in frequency algorithm · Decomposition for ‘N’ composite number

5. Unit 5Digital filters Design Techniques

   Design of IIR and FIR digital filters · Impulse invariant and bilinear transformation · Windowing techniques rectangular and other windows · Examples of FIR filters · Design using windowing

1. Unit 1Radiation

   Potential function and the Electromagnetic field · Potential functions for Sinusoidal Oscillations · Retarded potential · The Alternating current element (or oscillating Electric Dipole) · Power radiated by a current element · Application to short antennas · Assumed current distribution · Radiation from a Quarter wave monopole or Half wave dipole · Sine and cosine integral · Electromagnetic field close to an antenna · Solution of the potential equations · Far‑field Approximation

2. Unit 2Antenna Fundamentals

   Introduction · Network theorems · Directional properties of dipole antennas · Travelling‑wave antennas and effect of feed on standing‑wave antennas · Two‑element array · Horizontal patterns in broadcast arrays · Linear arrays · Multiplication of patterns · Effect of earth on vertical patterns · Binomial array · Antenna gain · Effective area

3. Unit 3Types of antennas

   Log periodic antenna · Loop antenna · Helical antenna · Biconical antenna · Folded dipole antenna · Yagi‑Uda antenna · Lens antenna · Turnstile antenna · Long wire antenna: resonant and travelling wave antennas for different wavelengths · V‑antenna · Rhombic antenna · Beverage antenna

4. Unit 4Aperture and slot

   Radiation from rectangular apertures · Uniform and tapered aperture · Horn antenna · Reflector antenna · Aperture blockage · Feeding structures · Slot antennas · Microstrip antennas – Radiation mechanism – Application · Numerical tool for antenna analysis

5. Unit 5Propagation of radio waves

   Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves · Effects of the environment · Modes of propagation · Ground wave propagation – Introduction · Plane earth reflection · Space wave and surface wave · Transition between surface and space wave · Tilt of wave front due to ground losses · Space wave propagation – Introduction · Field strength relation · Effects of imperfect earth · Curvature of earth and interference zone · Shadowing effect of hills and buildings · Absorption by atmospheric phenomena · Variation of field strength with height · Super refraction · Scattering · Tropospheric propagation · Fading · Path loss calculations · Sky wave propagation – Introduction · Structural details of the ionosphere · Wave propagation mechanism · Refraction and reflection of sky waves by ionosphere · Ray path · Critical frequency · Maximum usable frequency (MUF) · Lowest usable frequency (LUF) · Operating frequency (OF) · Virtual height · Skip distance · Relation between MUF and skip distance

1. Unit 1Data Communication

   Introduction to Data Communication · Components of Data Communication · Data representation · Serial transmission · Parallel transmission · Modes of data transmission · Line Encoding: Unipolar · Line Encoding: Polar · Line Encoding: Bipolar · Networks – Protocols and standards · Standards organizations · Line configurations · Topology · Transmission mode · Categories of networks · Inter networks

2. Unit 2OSI model, Transmission media and Switching

   OSI model: Functions of the layers · Transmission media: Guided media · Transmission media: Unguided media · Transmission impairment · Performance · Switching · Circuit switching · Packet switching (virtual circuit approach) · Packet switching (datagram approach) · Message switching

3. Unit 3Error Control and Data Link Protocols

   Error detection and correction: Types of errors · Error detection and correction: Detection · Vertical Redundancy Check (VRC) · Longitudinal Redundancy Check (LRC) · Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) · Check sum · Error correction · Data Link Layer Protocols: Framing · Data Link Layer Protocols: HDLC · Data Link Layer Protocols: ARQ – Stop and Wait · Data Link Layer Protocols: ARQ – Sliding Window · Efficiency of data link protocols

4. Unit 4Networks

   LAN: Project 802 · Ethernet · Token bus · Token ring · FDDI · MAN: IEEE 802.6 (DQDB) · MAN: SMDS · X.25 · Frame Relay · ATM · SONET/SDH

5. Unit 5Networking Devices and TCP/IP Protocol Suite

   Networking and internetworking devices: Repeaters · Bridges · Gateways · Other devices · Routing algorithms · Distance vector routing · Link state routing · TCP/IP protocol suite: Overview of TCP/IP

1. Unit 1Introduction

   Introduction to CMOS VLSI circuit · VLSI design flow · Design strategies · Hierarchy · regularity · modularity · locality · MOS Transistor as a Switches · CMOS Logic · Combinational circuit · latches and register · Introduction of CAD Tool · Design entry · synthesis · functional simulation

2. Unit 2Specification of sequential systems

   Characterizing equation & definition of synchronous sequential machines · Realization of state diagram and state table from verbal description · Mealy and Moore model machines state table and transition diagram · Minimization of the state table of completely and incompletely specified sequential machines

3. Unit 3Asynchronous Sequential Machine

   Introduction to asynchronous sequential machine · Fundamental mode and Pulse mode asynchronous sequential machine · Secondary state assignments in asynchronous sequential machine · races and hazards

4. Unit 4Integrated Circuits and Processes

   Introduction · Size and complexity of Integrated Circuits · The Microelectronics Field · IC Production Process · Processing Steps · Packaging and Testing · MOS Processes · NMOS Process · CMOS Process · Bipolar Technology · Hybrid Technology · Design Rules and Process Parameters

5. Unit 5Device Models

   Dc Models · Small Signal Models · MOS Models · MOSFET Models in High Frequency and small signal · Short channel devices · Sub threshold Operations · Modeling Noise Sources in MOSFET’s · Diode Models · Bipolar Models · Passive component Models

1. Unit 1Overview of satellite systems

   Introduction · Frequency allocations for satellite systems · Orbits and launching methods · Kepler’s three laws of planetary motion · Terms used for earth orbiting satellites · Orbital elements · Apogee and perigee heights · Orbit perturbations · Inclined orbits · Local mean solar point and sun‑synchronous orbits · Standard time

2. Unit 2The Geostationary orbit

   Introduction · Antenna look angles · Polar mount antenna · Limits of visibility · Near‑geostationary orbits · Earth eclipse of satellite · Sun transit outage · Launching orbits · Antenna polarization · Polarization of satellite signals · Cross‑polarization discrimination · Depolarization – ionospheric, rain, ice

3. Unit 3The Space segment

   Introduction · Power supply · Attitude control · Station keeping · Thermal control · Telemetry, Tracking & Command (TT&C) subsystem · Transponders · Antenna subsystem · Morelos and Satmex‑5 satellites · Aniksatellites · Advanced Tiros‑N spacecraft · The Earth segment – introduction · Receive‑only home TV systems · Master antenna TV system · Community antenna TV system · Transmit‑receive earth station

4. Unit 4The space link

   Introduction · Equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) · Transmission losses · Link power budget equation · System noise · Carrier‑to‑noise ratio (C/N) · Uplink · Downlink · Effects of rain · Combined uplink and downlink C/N ratio · Inter‑modulation noise · Intersatellite links · Interference between satellite circuits

5. Unit 5Satellite services

   VSAT (very small aperture terminal) systems – overview · VSAT network architecture · VSAT access control protocols · VSAT basic techniques · VSAT earth station · Calculation of link margins for a VSAT star network · Direct broadcast satellite (DBS) television – digital DBS TV · BDS TV system design and link budget · Error control in digital DBS‑TV · Installation of DBS‑TV antennas · Satellite radio broadcasting

1. Unit 18051 Interfacing, Applications and serial communication

   8051 interfacing to ADC and DAC · Stepper motor interfacing · Timer/ counter functions · 8051 based data acquisition system · 8051 connections to RS-232 · 8051 Serial communication · Serial communication modes · Serial communication programming · Serial port programming in C

2. Unit 2Microcontroller 8096

   Functional block-diagram · Memory status · Complete 8096 instruction set · Classification of instruction set · Addressing modes · Programming examples using 8096 · Hardware features of 8096 · Parallel ports · Control & status registers · Introduction to 16/32 bit PIC microcontrollers and DSPIC

3. Unit 3Introduction to Embedded Systems

   Definition of embedded system · Embedded systems vs. general computing systems · History of embedded systems · Classification · Major application areas · Purpose of embedded systems · Characteristics and quality attributes of embedded systems · Common design metrics · Processor technology: general purpose processor · Processor technology: application specific processor · Processor technology: single purpose processor

4. Unit 4Embedded System Architecture

   Von Neumann vs Harvard architecture · Instruction set architecture · CISC and RISC instruction set architecture · Basic embedded processor · Microcontroller architecture · CISC & RISC examples: 8051, ARM, DSP processors

5. Unit 5Input Output and Peripheral Devices

   Timers and counters · Watchdog timers · Interrupt controllers · PWM · Keyboard controller · Analog to digital converters · Real time clock

1. Unit 1PHYSIOLOGY AND TRANSDUCERS

   Cell and its structure · Resting and Action Potential · Functional organization of the nervous system · Structure of nervous system, neurons · Synapse and transmitters and neural communication · Cardiovascular system · Respiratory system · Basic components of a biomedical system · Transducers and selection criteria · Piezo electric and ultrasonic transducers · Temperature measurements · Fiber optic temperature sensors

2. Unit 2ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS

   Electrodes · Limb electrodes · Floating electrodes · Propelled disposable electrodes · Micro, needle and surface electrodes · Amplifiers: Preamplifiers, differential amplifiers, chopper amplifiers · Isolation amplifier · ECG · EEG · EMG · ERG · Lead systems and recording methods · Typical waveforms · Electrical safety in medical environment: shock hazards · Leakage current · Instruments for checking safety parameters of biomedical equipments

3. Unit 3NON-ELECTRICAL PARAMETER MEASUREMENTS

   Measurement of blood pressure · Cardiac output · Heart rate · Heart sound · Pulmonary function measurements · Spirometer · Photoplethysmography and body plethysmography · Blood gas analyzers: pH of blood, measurement of blood pCO2, pO2, finger-tip oximeter · ESR measurements · GSR measurements

4. Unit 4MEDICAL IMAGING

   Radiographic and fluoroscopic techniques · Computer tomography · MRI · Ultrasonography · Endoscopy · Thermography · Different types of biotelemetry systems and patient monitoring · Introduction to biometric systems

5. Unit 5ASSISTING AND THERAPEUTIC EQUIPMENTS

   Pacemakers · Defibrillators · Ventilators · Nerve and muscle stimulators · Diathermy · Heart‑lung machine · Audio meters · Dialysers · Lithotripsy

1. Unit 1Power Semiconductor Switches

   Power diodes – basic structure and V‑I characteristics; various types · DIACs – basic structure and V‑I characteristics · TRIACs – basic structure and V‑I characteristics · Power BJT – construction and working principle, quasaturation, primary breakdown, secondary breakdown · IGBTs – basic structure and V‑I characteristics · Power MOSFETs – basic structure and V‑I characteristics · Thyristors – basic structure; static and dynamic characteristics; device specifications and ratings; methods of turning on; gate‑triggering circuit using UJT

2. Unit 2Rectifiers

   Thyristor series and parallel operation; methods of turning off; commutation circuits · Line‑frequency phase‑controlled rectifiers using SCR · Single‑phase rectifiers – half‑wave rectifier with R and RL loads; full‑wave half‑controlled and fully controlled converters with continuous and constant currents; input‑side harmonics and power factor; effect of source inductance · Three‑phase rectifiers – half‑wave rectifier with R and RL loads; full‑wave fully controlled converters with continuous and constant currents

3. Unit 3Inverters & Cycloconverters

   Single‑phase series, parallel and bridge inverters · Single‑phase PWM inverters – basic circuit and operation · Single‑phase series resonant inverter · Single‑phase bridge inverter · Three‑phase bridge inverter · Voltage control of inverters · Harmonics reduction techniques · Single‑phase and three‑phase current‑source inverters

4. Unit 4AC Voltage Controllers

   Principle of ON‑OFF and phase control · Single‑phase AC voltage controller with resistive and inductive loads · Three‑phase AC voltage controllers – various configurations and comparison · Single‑phase transformer tap changer · Cycloconverters – basic principle of operation; single‑phase to single‑phase; three‑phase to single‑phase; three‑phase to three‑phase; output voltage equation

5. Unit 5DC – DC Converters

   Choppers – principle of operation; step‑up and step‑down choppers · Switching regulators – buck regulators; boost regulators; buck‑boost regulators · Switched‑mode power supply – principle of operation and analysis

1. Unit 1Study Various Multiplexing Techniques

2. Unit 2Study of Network Interface Card (NIC)

3. Unit 3Study of Parallel and Serial Transmission

4. Unit 4Study of NRZ and RZ Codes

5. Unit 5Study of Different Types of Modem

6. Unit 6Study of Integrated Services Digital Network

7. Unit 7Study of Twisted Pair, Coaxial Cable and Fibre Optic Cable

8. Unit 8Study of Digital Interface RS-232

9. Unit 9Study Different Topologies

10. Unit 10Study LAN Using Star Topology

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