IT 8th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1Introduction: Fundamental Principles of Information Security

Fundamental Principles of Information Security · Confidentiality · Availability · Integrity · Non Repudiation · The OSI Security Architecture · Security Attacks · Security Services · Security Mechanisms · Model for Network Security · Classical Encryption Techniques: Symmetric Cipher Model · Substitution Techniques · Transposition Techniques · Steganography

Unit 2Block Ciphers and Data Encryption Algorithm

Block Cipher Principles · The Data Encryption Standard · The Strength of DES · Differential and linear cryptanalysis · Block Cipher Design Principles · Evaluation criteria of AES · The AES Cipher · Multiple Encryption and Triple DES · Block Cipher modes of operation · Stream Ciphers · Confidentiality using Symmetric Encryption

Unit 3Public Key Encryption and Message Authentication

Principles of Public Key Cryptosystems · The RSA algorithm · Key Management · Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange · Elliptic curve cryptography · Authentication requirements · Authentication Functions · Message Authentication Codes · Hash Functions · Security of Hash Functions and MACs · Secure Hash Algorithm · HMAC · Digital Signatures and Authentication Protocols · Digital Signature Standard

Unit 4Authentication Applications and Web Security

Authentication Applications · Kerberos · X.509 Authentication Service · Public key infrastructure · Pretty Good Privacy · IP Security Overview · IP Security Architecture · Authentication header · Encapsulating security payload · IP Security Key management · Web security considerations · Secure Socket Layer · Transport layer Security · Secure Electronic Transaction

Unit 5System Security and Malicious Software

Intruders · Intrusion Detection · Password management · Different type of malicious software · Viruses and related threats · Virus Countermeasures · Threats and attacks on Information Security · DoS and DDoS Attacks · Security controls required for Information Security · Firewall design principles · Trusted Systems · Common criteria for information technology security evaluation

Unit 1Introduction

Introduction · Examples of various Learning Paradigms · Perspectives and Issues · Concept Learning · Version Spaces · Finite and Infinite Hypothesis Spaces · PAC Learning · VC Dimension

Unit 2Supervised Learning Algorithms

Learning a Class from Examples · Linear, Non‑linear, Multi‑class and Multi‑label classification · Decision Trees: ID3, Classification and Regression Trees (CART) · Regression: Linear Regression, Multiple Linear Regression, Logistic Regression · Neural Networks: Introduction, Perceptron, Multilayer Perceptron · Support vector machines: Linear and NonLinear, Kernel Functions · K‑Nearest Neighbors

Unit 3Ensemble Learning

Ensemble Learning Model Combination Schemes · Voting · Error‑Correcting Output Codes · Bagging: Random Forest Trees · Boosting: Adaboost · Stacking

Unit 4Unsupervised Learning

Introduction to clustering · Hierarchical: AGNES, DIANA · Partitional: K‑means clustering, KMode Clustering · Self‑Organizing Map · Expectation Maximization · Gaussian Mixture Models · Principal Component Analysis (PCA) · Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) · Factor Analysis

Unit 5Probabilistic Learning

Bayesian Learning · Bayes Optimal Classifier · Naïve Bayes Classifier · Bayesian Belief Networks · Mining Frequent Patterns

Unit 1Introduction

Levels of natural language processing · Sources of ambiguity and computational challenges · Real‑life NLP applications such as spell checking, grammar checking, information extraction, question answering, and machine translation

Unit 2Text Processing Foundations

Character encoding standards (e.g., UTF‑8, Unicode) · Word segmentation techniques · Sentence segmentation techniques · Corpus creation and description · Corpus analysis methods

Unit 3Morphology and POS Tagging

Inflectional and derivational morphology · Morphological analysis and generation using finite‑state transducers · Word‑class (POS) categories · Part‑of‑speech tagging · Maximum Entropy models for POS tagging · Multi‑word expressions

Unit 4Language Modeling and Shallow Parsing

Language models and their role in NLP · Simple N‑gram models · Parameter estimation and smoothing techniques · Evaluation of language models · Phrase, clause and sentence structure · Shallow parsing and chunking · Conditional Random Fields (CRF) for shallow parsing · Lexical semantics · Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) · WordNet lexical database · Thematic role identification · Semantic role labeling with CRFs

Unit 5Advanced NLP Applications

Natural language interfaces · Text summarization techniques · Sentiment analysis methods · Machine translation approaches · Question answering systems · Recent trends in NLP research

Unit 1Introduction to Robotics

Types and components of a robot · Classification of robots · Closed-loop and open-loop control systems · Kinematics systems: definition of mechanisms and manipulators · Social issues and safety

Unit 2Robot Kinematics and Dynamics

Kinematic modelling: translation and rotation representation · Coordinate transformation · Denavit–Hartenberg ($\mathrm{DH}$) parameters · Jacobian matrix · Singularity analysis · Statics of manipulators · Dynamic modelling: equations of motion via Euler–Lagrange formulation

Unit 3Sensors and Vision System

Sensors: contact, proximity, position, velocity, force, tactile · Camera fundamentals and calibration · Geometry of image formation · Euclidean, similarity, affine, and projective transformations · Vision applications in robotics

Unit 4Robot Control

Control basics: transfer functions · Control laws: P, PD, PID, nonlinear and advanced controls · Robot actuation systems: electric, hydraulic, pneumatic actuators · Transmission mechanisms: gears, timing belts, bearings · Parameters for actuator selection

Unit 5Control Hardware and Interfacing

Embedded systems architecture · Integration with sensors and actuators · Programming for robot applications

Unit 1Motivation and Overview of Quantum Computing

Motivation for studying Quantum Computing · Major players in the industry (IBM, Microsoft, Rigetti, D‑Wave, etc.) · Origin of Quantum Computing · Overview of major concepts in Quantum Computing: Qubits and multi‑qubit states, Bra‑ket notation, Bloch sphere representation, Quantum superposition, Quantum entanglement

Unit 2Mathematical Foundations for Quantum Computing

Matrix algebra: basis vectors and orthogonality · Inner product and Hilbert spaces · Matrices and tensors · Unitary operators and projectors · Dirac notation · Eigenvalues and eigenvectors

Unit 3Building Blocks for Quantum Programs

Architecture of a quantum computing platform · Details of qubit information representation: Bloch sphere, multi‑qubit states, valid and invalid superpositions, quantum entanglement · Useful states from a quantum‑algorithm perspective (e.g., Bell state) · Operations on qubits: measurement and transformation using gates · Quantum logic gates and circuits: Pauli, Hadamard, phase‑shift, controlled gates, Ising, Deutsch, SWAP, etc.

Unit 4Programming Model for Quantum Computing

Steps performed on a classical computer · Steps performed on a quantum computer · Moving data between classical bits and qubits · Basic techniques exploited by quantum algorithms: amplitude amplification, quantum Fourier transform, phase kick‑back, quantum phase estimation, quantum walks

Unit 5Major Algorithms and Toolkits

Shor’s algorithm · Grover’s algorithm · Deutsch’s algorithm · Deutsch‑Jozsa algorithm · Open‑source toolkits for implementing quantum programs: IBM Quantum Experience, Microsoft Q, Rigetti PyQuil (QPU/QVM)

Unit 1Introduction

Overview of blockchain · Public ledgers · Bitcoin · Smart contracts · Block structure in a blockchain · Transactions · Distributed consensus · Public vs private blockchain · Cryptocurrency fundamentals · Permissioned blockchain model · Security aspects of blockchain · Cryptographic hash functions and their properties · Hash pointers and Merkle trees · Digital signatures · Public key cryptography · Basic cryptocurrency concepts

Unit 2Understanding Blockchain with Cryptocurrency

Creation of coins in Bitcoin and blockchain · Payments and double spending prevention · Bitcoin scripts · Bitcoin peer‑to‑peer network · Transactions in the Bitcoin network · Block mining process · Block propagation and relay mechanisms · Distributed consensus in open environments · Proof of Work (PoW) basics · HashCash PoW · Attacks on Bitcoin PoW and monopoly problem · Proof of Stake consensus · Proof of Burn mechanism · Proof of Elapsed Time mechanism · Lifecycle of a Bitcoin miner · Mining difficulty adjustment · Mining pools

Unit 3Understanding Blockchain for Enterprises

Permissioned blockchain models and use cases · Design issues for permissioned blockchains · Executing smart contracts on permissioned ledgers · State‑machine replication · Consensus models for permissioned blockchains · Paxos consensus algorithm · RAFT consensus algorithm · Byzantine Generals problem · Byzantine fault‑tolerant systems · Lamport‑Shostak‑Pease BFT algorithm · BFT operation in asynchronous systems

Unit 4Enterprise Application of Blockchain

Cross‑border payments · Know Your Customer (KYC) processes · Food security applications · Mortgage management on blockchain · Blockchain‑enabled trade platforms · We Trade – trade finance network · Supply‑chain financing · Digital identity management on blockchain

Unit 5Blockchain Application Development

Hyperledger Fabric architecture · Identities and policies in Hyperledger Fabric · Membership and access control · Channel configuration · Transaction validation flow · Writing smart contracts using Hyperledger Fabric · Writing smart contracts using Ethereum · Overview of Ripple platform · Overview of Corda platform

Unit 1HCI Foundations

Input–output channels · Human memory · Thinking: reasoning and problem solving · Emotion · Individual differences · Psychology and the design of interactive systems · Text entry devices · Positioning, pointing and drawing · Display devices · Devices for virtual reality and 3D interaction · Physical controls, sensors and special devices · Paper: printing and scanning

Unit 2Designing Interaction

Overview of Interaction Design Models · Discovery - Framework · Collection - Observation · Elicitation · Interpretation - Task Analysis · Storyboarding · Use Cases · Primary Stakeholder Profiles · Project Management Document

Unit 3Interaction Design Models

Model Human Processor - Working Memory · Long-Term Memory · Processor Timing · Keyboard Level Model - Operators · Encoding Methods · Heuristics for M Operator Placement · What the Keyboard Level Model Does Not Model · Application of the Keyboard Level Model · GOMS CMN-GOMS Analysis · Modeling Structure · State Transition Networks - Three-State Model · Glimpse Model · Physical Models · Fitts’ Law

Unit 4Guidelines in HCI

Shneideman's eight golden rules · Norman's Sever principles · Norman's model of interaction · Nielsen's ten heuristics · Heuristic evaluation · Contextual evaluation · Cognitive walk-through · Collaboration and Communication: Face-to-face Communication · Conversation · Text-based Communication · Group working · Dialog design notations · Diagrammatic notations · Textual dialog notations · Dialog semantics · Dialog analysis and design

Unit 5Human Factors and Security

Groupware · Meeting and decision support systems · Shared applications and artifacts · Frameworks for groupware Implementing synchronous groupware · Mixed, Augmented and Virtual Reality · Validation: Usability testing · Interface Testing · User Acceptance Testing

Unit 13D Printing (Additive Manufacturing)

Introduction to 3D printing and additive manufacturing · Process classification and advantages of additive manufacturing · Additive vs. conventional manufacturing processes · Applications of additive manufacturing · CAD for additive manufacturing: data formats, data translation, data loss, STL format

Unit 2Additive Manufacturing Techniques

Additive manufacturing techniques: Stereo‑Lithography, LOM, FDM, SLS, SLM, Binder Jet technology · Process parameters and selection for various applications · Application domains of additive manufacturing: aerospace, electronics, health‑care, defence, automotive, construction, food processing, machine tools

Unit 3Materials

Materials for additive manufacturing: polymers, metals, non‑metals, ceramics · Forms of raw material: liquid, solid, wire, powder; powder preparation and desired properties · Properties of polymers and support materials

Unit 4Additive Manufacturing Equipment

Additive manufacturing equipment: design and process parameters · Governing bonding mechanisms · Common faults and troubleshooting · Process design considerations

Unit 5Post Processing

Post‑processing requirements and techniques · Product quality: inspection and testing · Defects and their causes

Unit 1Introduction

The need for parallelism · Forms of parallelism (SISD, SIMD, MISD, MIMD) · Moore's Law and multi‑core processors · Fundamentals of parallel computers · Communication architectures · Message‑passing architecture · Data‑parallel architecture · Dataflow architecture · Systolic architecture · Performance issues in parallel systems

Unit 2Large Cache Design

Shared versus private caches · Centralized versus distributed shared caches · Snooping‑based cache‑coherence protocols · Directory‑based cache‑coherence protocols · Uniform Cache Access (UCA) · Non‑Uniform Cache Access (NUCA) · Distributed NUCA (D‑NUCA) and static NUCA (S‑NUCA) · Cache inclusion and exclusion policies · Difference between transactional memory and traditional memory models · Software Transactional Memory (STM) · Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM)

Unit 3Graphics Processing Unit

GPUs as parallel computers · Architecture of modern GPUs · Evolution of graphics pipelines · General‑purpose GPUs (GPGPUs) · Scalable GPU designs · Architectural characteristics of future GPU systems · Implications of GPU technology for users · Vector addition on GPUs · Application domains of GPUs

Unit 4Introduction to Parallel Programming

Parallel programming strategies and mechanisms · Performance theory for parallel programs · Parallel programming patterns · Nesting pattern · Parallel control pattern · Parallel data‑management pattern · Map pattern (scaled vector, Mandelbrot set) · Reduce pattern and fused map‑reduce · Scan pattern and fused map‑scan · Data‑recognition patterns (gather, scatter, pack) · Stencil and recurrence patterns · Fork‑join pattern · Pipeline pattern

Unit 5Parallel Programming Languages

Distributed memory programming with MPI: trapezoidal rule, I/O handling, derived datatypes, collective communication · Shared memory programming with Pthreads: conditional variables, read‑write locks, cache handling · Shared memory programming with OpenMP: parallel for directives, loop scheduling, thread safety · CUDA programming: CUDA C kernels, thread management, constant memory, events, graphics interoperability, atomics, streams