EC-604-B Bio-medical Electronics - May 2023 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aDraw the structure of cells and explain its parts.
   How to answer

   • Labelled diagram of cell showing membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus and organelles
   • Function of cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus
   • Brief role of mitochondria, ER, Golgi, ribosomes etc.
   • Relevance as basic unit for bio-electric potentials
2. 7 Marks
   bWhat are Transducers? Explain the working of ultrasonic transducers.
   How to answer

   • Definition of transducer as energy converter
   • Principle of ultrasonic transducers - piezoelectric effect
   • Construction and working with excitation and echo
   • Medical applications
3. 7 Marks
   aExplain the Functional organization of the nervous system.
   How to answer

   • Overview of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system
   • Neuron as functional unit - sensory, motor, interneurons
   • Functional divisions: somatic, autonomic, sympathetic/parasympathetic
   • Signal transmission and control functions
4. 7 Marks
   bWhat are different types of amplifiers used in signal acquisition?
   How to answer

   • Need for bio-signal amplification and isolation
   • Instrumentation amplifier, preamplifier, differential amplifier
   • Isolation amplifier, chopper and carrier amplifiers
   • Selection for ECG/EEG/EMG acquisition
5. 7 Marks
   aWhat is an EEG? What are various frequency bands present in an EEG? Give the condition for their generation.
   How to answer

   • Definition of EEG as brain electrical activity recording
   • Frequency bands: delta, theta, alpha, beta, gamma with ranges
   • Conditions for generation - awake, sleep, meditation, activity
   • Electrode placement and significance
6. 7 Marks
   bExplain the Electrode theory. Discuss the selection criteria for electrodes.
   How to answer

   • Electrode-electrolyte interface and half-cell potential
   • Polarizable vs non-polarizable electrodes theory
   • Ag-AgCl, surface, needle electrodes
   • Selection criteria: impedance, stability, biocompatibility, noise
7. 7 Marks
   aExplain following terms incorporated with Cardiovascular system measurement:

   1. i)blood pressure
   2. ii)heart sound
   How to answer

   • Definition and normal range of arterial blood pressure
   • Direct vs indirect measurement principle
   • Heart sounds S1-S4 origin and auscultation
   • Clinical significance in cardiovascular assessment
8. 7 Marks
   bExplain Photo spiro meter in detail.
   How to answer

   • Principle of photospirometer for respiratory volume
   • Construction with light source and detector
   • Working and recording of spirogram
   • Applications and advantages
9. 7 Marks
   aExplain the working principle for measurement of partial pressure of oxygen ($PO_2$) in the blood and describe suitable scheme for it.
   How to answer

   • Concept of partial pressure PO2 in blood
   • Polarographic / Clark electrode principle
   • Suitable measurement scheme with membrane and electrodes
   • Calibration and clinical use
10. 7 Marks
    bExplain the following:

    1. i)MRI
    2. ii)Endoscopy
    How to answer

    • MRI principle based on nuclear magnetic resonance
    • Main components and imaging process
    • Endoscopy principle with fibre-optic illumination
    • Diagnostic applications of both
11. 7 Marks
    aExplain a basic bio-telemetry system with suitable diagram along with its advantages and disadvantages.
    How to answer

    • Block diagram of bio-telemetry: transducer, conditioner, transmitter, receiver
    • Single and multi-channel telemetry operation
    • Advantages: freedom, continuous monitoring
    • Disadvantages: noise, power, cost limitations
12. 7 Marks
    bExplain the biometric systems.
    How to answer

    • Definition of biometric system for identification
    • Physiological vs behavioural modalities
    • General block diagram: enrolment and verification
    • Applications in healthcare and security
13. 7 Marks
    aWhat are Defibrillators? How they are classified?
    How to answer

    • Definition of defibrillator for cardiac fibrillation
    • Need for synchronized shock delivery
    • Classification: AC, DC, internal, external, AED, implantable
    • Energy levels and electrode placement
14. 7 Marks
    bExplain the functioning of heart-lung machine.
    How to answer

    • Purpose of heart-lung machine in open-heart surgery
    • Components: oxygenator, pump, reservoir, filters
    • Blood circulation and oxygenation path
    • Control and safety monitoring
15. 14 Marks
    Write a short note on any two:

    1. a)Transducers
    2. b)Heart Rate
    3. c)Finger-Tip Oxymeter
    4. d)Thermography
    How to answer

    • Select any two topics with definition and principle
    • Block diagram / working and key specifications
    • Clinical / diagnostic applications
    • Advantages and limitations