Electronic Measurements and Instrumentation (EC-302) - Important Questions

Explain the working principle of chopper type DC voltmeter with block diagram.

Explain in detail the terms accuracy, precision, resolution (and expected value).

List and briefly explain the static and dynamic characteristics of measurement systems / instruments.

Explain why a slightly underdamped instrument is preferable.

List the different types of AC voltmeters and explain the working of one in detail.

Define measurement and explain static and dynamic errors, sources and types of errors, and statistical analysis using mean, deviation and standard deviation.

Describe the construction and working principle of DC and AC ammeters and voltmeters, including chopper type and solid-state AC voltmeters.

What is instrument calibration? Explain the comparison method of calibration in detail. Discuss the importance and limitations of calibration.

Explain the terms static error, static correction, relative error and percentage relative error.

What is error in measurement? List and explain in detail the different types / classification of errors in instruments, including error analysis and importance of calibration.

Explain permissible errors in ammeters and voltmeters.

Numerical on electrostatic voltmeter: find change in capacitance from pull force, voltage, displacement and plate diameter.

Draw the circuit diagram of Schering bridge and explain its operation.

Discuss the condition for maximum bridge sensitivity for a detector.

Draw the block diagram of a Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) and explain the construction, working and function of its different parts/blocks, including important applications.

Explain the principle of impedance measurement using a Q-meter.

Describe Hay's bridge with circuit diagram, operation and short note.

Explain dual trace CRO with block/circuit diagram and operation, including applications of CRO

Derive the balance condition for Hay's bridge and determine R and C for given bridge arms with unknown series R-C arm.

Show how the Wien's bridge can be used for the measurement of frequency in audio range. Derive the equation for frequency f.

Explain the parallel-connection method of using a Q-meter and derive expressions for resistance, reactance and Q-factor.

Draw circuit diagram of sampling oscilloscope and explain its operation

Explain working of digital storage oscilloscope with suitable diagram

Explain the working principle, balance conditions and applications of Maxwell's bridge, Hay's bridge and Schering bridge, and impedance measurement using a Q-meter.

Explain the construction and working principle of LVDT with diagram, including how magnitude and direction of core displacement are detected.

What is a thermocouple and explain the working principle of a piezoelectric transducer?

What is Thermistor and explain its importance along with advantages of it.

Explain the construction, working principle, characteristics, advantages, and applications of LVDT.

Explain temperature transducers such as Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD), thermistor, and thermocouple. Compare their characteristics and applications.

What is a transducer? Classify transducers.

Explain the working principles of piezo-electric, optical and photo-electric transducers including photo-emissive, photo-conductive and photo-transistors.

Describe the different modes of operation of piezoelectric transducers and define and sketch benders and twisters.

Explain the photodiode in detail.

Explain the various types of optical transducers: photoemissive, photoconductive and photovoltaic.

Explain the different ways / basis for classification of transducers.

Write a short note on the applications of LVDT.

Explain the working / short note on LCD.

Explain the working principle and operation of a sweep frequency generator with block diagram.

Discuss the working of LED in detail.

Explain the working principle and applications of signal generators, including sweep frequency generator and beat frequency oscillator.

Explain the construction and working principle of LCD and compare LED and LCD displays.

Explain the construction and working of pulse generators and square wave generators with suitable block diagrams.

Describe the working of a pulse wave generator with diagram.

Compare LED and LCD displays, including advantages and disadvantages.

Explain the working of a square wave signal generator with block diagram.

Explain the working principle of R-2R ladder type DAC with circuit/block diagram

Explain the working principle and operation of successive approximation (SAR) type ADC / digital voltmeter with diagram.

Explain resolution and sensitivity of a DVM / digital multimeter.

Compare analog and digital instruments and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of digital instruments over analog instruments in terms of performance, accuracy and applications.

Explain $3\frac{1}{2}$ digits and $5\frac{1}{2}$ digits in a DVM and the significance of the $\frac{1}{2}$ digit.

Explain the conversion logic used in simultaneous / flash type A/D DVM.

Draw weighted resistor DAC and obtain transfer characteristic of 3-bit DAC

Draw and explain the operation of dual-slope integrating / integrating type ADC.

Find step size and analog output for 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC for given inputs with $V_{ref}=+5V$

Explain DAC and describe both variable/weighted resistive type and R-2R ladder type DAC with diagrams and working

Explain construction and working principle of digital voltmeters and digital multimeters, including resolution and sensitivity.

Explain integrating type ADC and voltage-to-frequency conversion technique with advantages and limitations.

Explain the working of a differential amplifier using two FET's. Derive the expression for the output voltage.