CE-603-A Water Resources Engineering - May 2024 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aDerive the equation to determine the relationship between duty, delta and base period.
   How to answer

   • Define duty D, delta 94 and base period B
   • Volume of water = area x delta; express in hectare-metre
   • Discharge x base period = volume; convert units
   • Derive D = 8.64 B / 94
2. 7 Marks
   bAfter how many days will you supply water to soil in order to ensure efficient irrigation of the given crop, if

   1. i)Field capacity of soil = 35%
   2. ii)Permanent wilting point = 15%
   3. iii)Density of soil = 1.5 g/cm9
   4. iv)Daily consumption use of water for the given crop = 12 mm.
   5. v)Effective depth of root zone = 80 cm
   How to answer

   • Compute available moisture = field capacity - wilting point
   • Convert to depth of water using bulk density and root depth
   • Divide readily available depth by daily consumptive use
   • Obtain irrigation interval in days
3. 7 Marks
   aCompare and contrast sprinkler and drip irrigation techniques.
   How to answer

   • Define sprinkler and drip irrigation
   • Compare water application, efficiency, cost, energy, suitability
   • Contrast losses, clogging, maintenance, crop types
   • Conclude suitability conditions
4. 7 Marks
   bWhat are infiltration galleries? And how do they contribute to groundwater recharge?
   How to answer

   • Define infiltration galleries - horizontal wells in shallow aquifers
   • Describe construction near river beds
   • Explain percolation collection and recharge mechanism
   • State advantages for groundwater recharge
5. 7 Marks
   aDiscuss strategies for reclaiming salt-affected lands and restoring soil fertility.
   How to answer

   • Define saline/sodic soils and causes
   • List reclamation: leaching, drainage, gypsum, organic matter
   • Explain crop management and salt-tolerant varieties
   • Steps to restore fertility and monitoring
6. 7 Marks
   bA 30 cm diameter well completely penetrates an artesian aquifer. The thickness of strainer is 25 m. Determine the discharge from the well when the draw down in the well is 4 m and the coefficient of permeability is 45 m/day. Assume radius of influence as 350 m.
   How to answer

   • Identify confined/artesian well discharge formula
   • List given: D, H, s, K, R
   • Apply $Q = 2\pi K H s / \ln(R/r)$
   • Compute Q in m3/day
7. 7 Marks
   aExplain the methods for measuring precipitation and the differences between recording and non-recording rain gauges.
   How to answer

   • Define precipitation and need for measurement
   • Describe non-recording gauges: Symons gauge
   • Describe recording gauges: tipping bucket, weighing, float
   • Differentiate recording vs non-recording
8. 7 Marks
   bRain gauge stations A, B, C, D, E and F have normal annual rain fall of 620, 564, 478, 616, 573 and 392 mm respectively. During a storm, stations B, C, D, E and F have reported rainfall of 22, 29, 35, 13 and 25 mm respectively and station A did not report as it was inoperative. Estimate the missing storm rainfall at A by Arithmetic and Average rainfall method.
   How to answer

   • List normal annual rainfall for A-F and storm values for B-F
   • Apply arithmetic average method
   • Apply normal ratio / average rainfall method check
   • Estimate missing storm rainfall at A
9. 7 Marks
   aDiscuss the significance of depth-area duration curves in hydrological studies.
   How to answer

   • Define depth-area-duration curves
   • Explain construction from storm data
   • State use in design storm and PMP estimation
   • Significance in hydrological design
10. 7 Marks
    bDiscuss the objectives of canal lining and the materials commonly used for lining.
    How to answer

    • Define canal lining and purpose
    • List objectives: seepage control, capacity, weed control
    • Describe materials: concrete, brick, stone, membrane
    • Advantages and selection criteria
11. 7 Marks
    aExplain the factors influencing the alignment of canals and their significance in design.
    How to answer

    • Define canal alignment
    • List factors: topography, soil, discharge, existing features
    • Explain ridge vs contour vs side-slope canals
    • Significance for economy and irrigation efficiency
12. 7 Marks
    bDesign an irrigation channel on Kennedy theory to carry a discharge of 14 cumecs. Take N = 0.0225 and m = 1. The channel slope of 1 in 5000 and side slope 0.5:1.
    How to answer

    • State Kennedy theory: $V_0 = 0.55 m y^{0.64}$
    • Given Q, N, m, slope, side slope
    • Trial for depth and width using continuity
    • Check and finalize channel section
13. 7 Marks
    aExplain how reservoirs and channels are used to control and regulate floodwaters?
    How to answer

    • Define flood control storage and detention
    • Role of reservoirs in attenuating peak
    • Role of channels/diversion in conveying flood
    • Regulation through gates and operation
14. 7 Marks
    bWhat is flood frequency analysis? How do you compute design discharge over a catchment?
    How to answer

    • Define flood frequency analysis and return period
    • List methods: Gumbel, Log-Pearson, plotting position
    • Steps to compute design discharge for catchment
    • Use of historical data and probability
15. 14 Marks
    Write short notes on any two.

    1. a)Crop ratio and crop rotation
    2. b)Types of wells
    3. c)Canal Regulation Structures
    4. d)Flood control measures
    How to answer

    • Select any two topics from a-d
    • Define terms with key features
    • Give examples / types / functions
    • State importance in water resources