CE-603-A Water Resources Engineering - Jun 2025 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aExplain the necessity, advantages, and disadvantages of irrigation.
   How to answer

   • Define irrigation and need for supplemental water
   • Necessity: uneven rainfall, crop water requirement, drought protection
   • Advantages: increased yield, multiple crops, food security
   • Disadvantages: waterlogging, salinity, cost, health hazards
2. 7 Marks
   bDescribe different methods of irrigation and their suitability.
   How to answer

   • List surface, subsurface, sprinkler, drip methods
   • Describe flooding, furrow, border, basin methods
   • Suitability by soil, topography, crop, water availability
   • Merits and limitations of each method
3. 7 Marks
   aDefine consumptive use and explain its determination methods.
   How to answer

   • Define consumptive use / evapotranspiration
   • Components: transpiration, evaporation, conveyance losses
   • Methods: lysimeter, field experiment, empirical formulae
   • Blaney-Criddle, Penman, Hargreaves methods
4. 7 Marks
   bDiscuss the concept of wilting coefficient and field capacity.
   How to answer

   • Define field capacity as moisture retained after drainage
   • Define wilting coefficient / wilting point
   • Methods of determination and typical pressure values
   • Significance for available moisture and irrigation scheduling
5. 7 Marks
   aExplain the types of aquifers and their properties.
   How to answer

   • Define aquifer, aquiclude, aquitard, aquifuge
   • Types: unconfined, confined, semi-confined, perched
   • Properties: porosity, permeability, transmissivity, storativity
   • Yield, specific yield, specific retention with diagram
6. 7 Marks
   bDiscuss the causes, effects and prevention of water logging.
   How to answer

   • Define waterlogging and rise of water table
   • Causes: over-irrigation, poor drainage, seepage from canals
   • Effects: reduced crop yield, salinity, anaerobic conditions
   • Prevention: drainage, lining, conjunctive use, controlled irrigation
7. 7 Marks
   aDescribe the methods of improving groundwater recharge.
   How to answer

   • Need for artificial groundwater recharge
   • Methods: spreading, recharge pits, shafts, wells, check dams
   • Rooftop rainwater harvesting and percolation tanks
   • Conditions for suitability and maintenance
8. 7 Marks
   bExplain the concept of salt efflorescence and its effects.
   How to answer

   • Define salt efflorescence / salinity
   • Mechanism: capillary rise and evaporation of salts
   • Effects on soil fertility, crop growth, structures
   • Remedial measures: leaching, drainage, salt-tolerant crops
9. 7 Marks
   aDescribe the hydrological cycle with a neat sketch.
   How to answer

   • Define hydrological cycle and its components
   • Processes: evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration
   • Neat labelled sketch showing ocean, atmosphere, land interaction
   • Significance in water resources engineering
10. 7 Marks
    bExplain different types of rain gauges and methods of rainfall measurement.
    How to answer

    • Need for rainfall measurement
    • Non-recording gauges: Symons gauge details
    • Recording gauges: tipping bucket, weighing, float type
    • Methods: arithmetic mean, Thiessen, isohyetal for average rainfall
11. 7 Marks
    aDefine Infiltration and discuss the factors affecting infiltration.
    How to answer

    • Define infiltration and infiltration capacity
    • Factors: soil type, moisture content, vegetation, rainfall intensity
    • Measurement by infiltrometer and Horton's equation
    • Significance in runoff and groundwater
12. 7 Marks
    bExplain the concept of unit hydrograph and its derivation.
    How to answer

    • Define unit hydrograph and its assumptions
    • Construction from isolated storm hydrograph
    • Steps of derivation: baseflow separation, direct runoff, normalization
    • Uses and limitations
13. 7 Marks
    aDiscuss Kennedy's and Lacey's theories of canal design.
    How to answer

    • Kennedy's silt theory: critical velocity, Kennedy's equation
    • Lacey's regime theory: regime channels, silt factor
    • Lacey's equations for velocity, scour depth, slope
    • Comparison and limitations of both theories
14. 7 Marks
    bExplain the importance and types of canal lining.
    How to answer

    • Define canal lining and need to reduce seepage
    • Importance: water saving, weed control, stability
    • Types: concrete, brick, stone, earth, membrane lining
    • Advantages, disadvantages and selection criteria
15. 7 Marks
    aDescribe different types of hydraulic structures used in irrigation.
    How to answer

    • Role of hydraulic structures in irrigation network
    • Types: diversion, conveyance, regulation, crossing structures
    • Examples: weirs, barrages, falls, regulators, aqueducts
    • Functions of each with sketches
16. 7 Marks
    bExplain the functions of weirs and barrages.
    How to answer

    • Define weir and barrage
    • Functions: raise water level, divert flow, control silt
    • Differences in ponding, control, cost
    • Suitability conditions for each