AIML 4th Semester Syllabus

Unit 1Set Theory, Relation, Function, Theorem Proving Techniques

Definition of sets · Venn diagram · General identities on sets · Definition of relation · Types of relation · Composition of relations · Equivalence relation · Partial ordering relation · Poset · Hasse diagram · Lattice

Unit 2Algebraic Structure

Definition and properties of semigroup · Monoid · Group · Abelian group · Properties of groups · Cyclic group · Normal subgroup · Ring · Fields · Standard results for rings and fields · Introduction to recurrence relations · Generating functions

Unit 3Propositional Logic and Graph Theory

Proposition · First‑order logic · Basic logical operations · Truth tables · Tautologies and contradictions · Algebra of propositions · Logical implication · Logical equivalence · Predicates · Normal forms · Quantifiers · Graph theory: basic terminology · Types of graphs · Path · Cycles · Shortest path in weighted graphs · Graph colourings

Unit 4Matrices and Decompositions

Determinant · Trace · Cholesky decomposition · Eigen decomposition · Singular value decomposition (SVD) · Gradient of a matrix · Useful identities for computing gradient

Unit 5Statistical Methods

Test of hypothesis: concept and formulation · Type‑I and Type‑II errors · Time series analysis · Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Unit 1Definitions of algorithms and complexity

Definitions of algorithms and complexity · Time and Space Complexity · Time–space tradeoff · Various bounds on complexity · Asymptotic notation · Recurrences and recurrence solving techniques · Introduction to divide and conquer technique · Binary search · Merge sort · Quick sort · Heap sort · Strassen’s matrix multiplication · Code tuning techniques: Loop Optimization · Code tuning techniques: Data Transfer Optimization · Code tuning techniques: Logic Optimization

Unit 2Greedy strategy and its applications

Study of Greedy strategy · Optimal merge patterns · Huffman coding · Minimum spanning trees · Knapsack problem · Job sequencing with deadlines · Single source shortest path algorithm · Correctness proof of greedy algorithms

Unit 3Dynamic programming

Concept of dynamic programming · 0/1 knapsack problem (dynamic programming solution) · Multistage graph problem · Reliability design using dynamic programming · Floyd‑Warshall algorithm

Unit 4Backtracking, branch & bound and parallel algorithms

Backtracking concept · 8‑queen’s problem · Hamiltonian cycle problem · Graph colouring problem · Introduction to branch & bound method · Travelling salesman problem (branch & bound) · Lower bound theory and its use in solving algebraic problems · Introduction to parallel algorithms

Unit 5Advanced algorithms and complexity classes

Advanced tree and graph algorithms · NP‑hard and NP‑complete problems · Approximation algorithms · Data stream algorithms · Design and complexity of parallel algorithms

Unit 1The Software Product and Software Process

Software product and process characteristics · Linear sequential (waterfall) model · Prototyping model · Rapid application development (RAD) model · Incremental model · Spiral model · Component‑assembly model · Rational Unified Process (RUP) · Agile process models · Software process customization and improvement · Capability Maturity Model (CMM) · Product and process metrics

Unit 2Requirement Elicitation, Analysis, and Specification

Functional and non‑functional requirements · Requirement sources and elicitation techniques · Analysis modeling for function‑oriented development · Analysis modeling for object‑oriented development · Use‑case modeling · System and software requirement specifications · Requirement validation · Requirements traceability

Unit 3Software Design

Software design process · Design concepts and principles · Software modeling and UML · Architectural design · Architectural views and styles · User‑interface design · Function‑oriented design · Component‑based design (SA/SD) · Design metrics

Unit 4Software Analysis and Testing

Static and dynamic software analysis · Code inspections · Fundamentals of software testing · Software test process · Testing levels (unit, integration, system, acceptance) · Test criteria · Test‑case design · Test oracles · Test techniques (black‑box, white‑box, etc.) · Black‑box testing · White‑box unit testing and unit‑testing frameworks · Integration testing · System testing and specialized testing · Test plan development · Test metrics · Testing tools · Introduction to object‑oriented analysis and design · Comparison with structured software engineering

Unit 5Software Maintenance & Software Project Measurement

Need and types of software maintenance · Software configuration management (SCM) · Software change management · Version control · Change control and reporting · Program comprehension techniques · Re‑engineering and reverse engineering · Tool support for maintenance · Project management concepts · Feasibility analysis · Project and process planning · Resource allocation · Software effort, schedule, and cost estimation · Project scheduling and tracking · Risk assessment and mitigation · Software quality assurance (SQA) · Project plan development · Project metrics

Unit 1Basic Structure of Computer

Basic Structure of Computer · Structure of Desktop Computers · General Register Organization (Memory Register) · Instruction Register · Control Word · Stack Organization · Instruction Format · Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) · I/O System · Bus architecture · CPU and Memory Program Counter · Bus Structure · Register Transfer Language (Bus and Memory Transfer) · Addressing Modes · Control Unit Organization · Concept of Instruction · Instruction Types · Micro‑instruction Formats · Fetch and Execution Cycle · Hardwired Control Unit · Microprogrammed Control Unit · Microprogram Sequencer Control Memory · Sequencing and Execution of Micro‑instruction

Unit 2Computer Arithmetic

Computer Arithmetic · Binary Addition and Subtraction · Complement Representation · Signed Addition and Subtraction · Multiplication · Division · Booth's Algorithm · Division Operation · Floating‑Point Arithmetic Operations · Design of Arithmetic Unit

Unit 3I/O Organization

I/O Organization · I/O Interface – PCI Bus · I/O Interface – SCSI Bus · I/O Interface – USB · Data Transfer Modes – Serial · Data Transfer Modes – Parallel · Data Transfer Modes – Synchronous · Data Transfer Modes – Asynchronous · Direct Memory Access (DMA) · I/O Processor

Unit 4Memory Organization

Memory Organization · Main Memory – RAM · Read‑Only Memory (ROM) · Secondary Memory – Magnetic Tape · Secondary Memory – Disk · Secondary Memory – Optical Storage · Cache Memory – Structure and Design · Cache Mapping Scheme · Cache Replacement Algorithms · Improving Cache Performance · Virtual Memory · Memory Management Hardware

Unit 5Multiprocessors

Multiprocessors – Characteristics · Multiprocessor Structure – Interprocessor Arbitration · Inter‑Processor Communication and Synchronization · Memory in Multiprocessor Systems · Pipelining Concept · Vector Processing · Array Processing · RISC Architecture · CISC Architecture · Multicore Processors – Intel · Multicore Processors – AMD

Unit 1Introduction to Machine Learning

Introduction to machine learning, scope and limitations · Machine learning models · Supervised learning · Unsupervised learning · Hypothesis space and inductive bias · Evaluation methods and cross‑validation · Dimensionality reduction techniques: subset selection, shrinkage methods, principal component analysis, partial least squares

Unit 2Neural Networks

Biological inspiration and simulation of neural networks · Neural network representation · Neural networks as a paradigm for parallel processing · Perceptron learning rule · Training a perceptron · Multilayer perceptron architecture · Back‑propagation algorithm · Training and validation strategies · Activation functions · Vanishing and exploding gradients

Unit 3Supervised Learning Techniques

Decision tree algorithms · Naïve Bayes classifier · General classification concepts · Support vector machines for classification · Random forest for classification and regression · Linear regression · Ordinary least squares regression · Logistic regression

Unit 4Unsupervised Learning and Clustering

Clustering fundamentals · k‑means algorithm · Adaptive hierarchical clustering · Gaussian mixture models · Optimization using evolutionary techniques · Determining the number of clusters · Advanced clustering discussions · Expectation‑maximization algorithm

Unit 5Design and Analysis of Machine Learning Experiments

Design of machine learning experiments · Factors, response, and strategy of experimentation · Guidelines for machine learning experiments · Cross‑validation and resampling methods · Measuring classifier performance · Hypothesis testing for model comparison · Comparing multiple algorithms · Comparison over multiple datasets

Unit 1Overview of Java and Fundamentals

Java installation and first simple program · Compilation process · Java keywords, identifiers, literals, and comments · Data types and variables · Dynamic initialization, type conversion and casting · Operators and control statements

Unit 2Objects, Methods, Constructors, and Inheritance

Declaring objects and introducing methods · Constructors, the this keyword, and garbage collection · Finalize method · Method and constructor overloading · Using objects as parameters · Inheritance and creating a multilevel hierarchy · Packages and interfaces · Exception handling · Multithreaded programming basics

Unit 3Applets

Applet class basics and architecture · Applet initialization and termination · Simple applet display methods and banner applet · Using the status window · HTML applet tag and passing parameters to applets · Improving the banner applet

Unit 4Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) and Introduction to Swing

Working with windows, graphics, and text · AWT classes and component hierarchy · Window fundamentals, containers, panels, and frames · Event handling in a frame window · AWT controls and layout managers (grid, border) · Menus and adding/removing controls · Introduction to Swing and servlet concepts

Unit 5Event Handling and JDBC

Two event handling mechanisms and the delegation event model · Event sources, listeners, and event classes (including mouse events) · JDBC‑ODBC bridge and connectivity model · Driver manager and navigating result set objects · JDBC exception classes · Connecting to remote databases