AL-401 RGPV B.Tech
Introduction to Discrete Structure &Linear Algebra (IDSLA)
Previous year papers and the official syllabus are free to read, no account needed.
Previous Year Papers
7 papers, latest Jun 2026
- AL-401 paper, Jun 2026
- AL-401 paper, Jun 2025
- AL-401 paper, Dec 2024
- AL-401 paper, Jun 2024
- AL-401 paper, Nov 2023
- AL-401 paper, Jun 2023
Syllabus, notes and important questions for AL-401
Syllabus units
Topics as the official RGPV syllabus lists them.
Unit 1 Set Theory, Relation, Function, Theorem Proving Techniques 11 topics
- Definition of sets
- Venn diagram
- General identities on sets
- Definition of relation
- Types of relation
- Composition of relations
- Equivalence relation
- Partial ordering relation
- Poset
- Hasse diagram
- Lattice
Unit 2 Algebraic Structure 12 topics
- Definition and properties of semigroup
- Monoid
- Group
- Abelian group
- Properties of groups
- Cyclic group
- Normal subgroup
- Ring
- Fields
- Standard results for rings and fields
- Introduction to recurrence relations
- Generating functions
Unit 3 Propositional Logic and Graph Theory 17 topics
- Proposition
- First‑order logic
- Basic logical operations
- Truth tables
- Tautologies and contradictions
- Algebra of propositions
- Logical implication
- Logical equivalence
- Predicates
- Normal forms
- Quantifiers
- Graph theory: basic terminology
- Types of graphs
- Path
- Cycles
- Shortest path in weighted graphs
- Graph colourings
Unit 4 Matrices and Decompositions 7 topics
- Determinant
- Trace
- Cholesky decomposition
- Eigen decomposition
- Singular value decomposition (SVD)
- Gradient of a matrix
- Useful identities for computing gradient
Unit 5 Statistical Methods 4 topics
- Test of hypothesis: concept and formulation
- Type‑I and Type‑II errors
- Time series analysis
- Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Exam insights
Counted from 8 past AL-401 papers.
Marks asked per paper, by unit
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Unit 1 Set Theory, Relation, Function, Theorem Proving Techniques 31 marks
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Unit 2 Algebraic structure 22 marks
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Unit 3 Propositional logic and Graph theory 22 marks
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Unit 4 Matrices 19 marks
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Unit 5 Test of Hypothesis 18 marks
Average marks of the questions from each unit in one paper. You answer only some of them, so the total is more than the paper’s maximum.
Asked again and again
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Draw the Hasse diagram of a finite set ordered by divisibility.
Asked 5 times: 2025, 2024, 2023, 2022
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Solve second-order linear homogeneous recurrence $a_n = p a_{n-1} + q a_{n-2}$ with given $a_0, a_1$ to find closed-form expression.
Asked 5 times: 2026, 2025, 2024
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Using Venn diagrams, prove De Morgan's laws $(A \cup B)' = A' \cap B'$ and $(A \cap B)' = A' \cup B'$.
Asked 4 times: 2026, 2024, 2023