Internal Combustion Engines (ICE)

• S.I. and C.I. engines of two and four stroke cycles
• Real cycle analysis of SI and CI engines
• Determination of engine dimensions, speed, fuel consumption, output, mean effective pressure and efficiency
• Factors affecting volumetric efficiency
• Heat balance of internal combustion engines
• Performance characteristics of SI and CI engines
• Cylinder arrangement and firing order
• Power balance for multi‑cylinder engines

• Flame development and propagation
• Pressure–crank angle diagram
• Stages of combustion and ignition lag
• Effect of air density, temperature, engine speed, turbulence and ignition timing on combustion
• Physical and chemical aspects of combustion
• Abnormal combustion phenomena
• Effect of engine and fuel variables on abnormal combustion
• Pre‑ignition: causes and remedies
• Salient features of various types of combustion chambers

• Various stages of combustion in CI engines
• Delay period in CI combustion
• Diesel knock and knock inhibitors
• Salient features of various types of combustion chambers
• Fuel injection in CI engine
• Working principle of fuel pump and fuel injectors
• Types of fuel injector nozzles
• Fuel injection in SI engine (MPFI, TBI, CRDI)
• Theory of carburetion
• Solex carburetor
• Simple problems on carburetion
• Fuel metering in CI engines

• Classification of internal combustion engine fuels
• Desirable characteristics of SI and CI engine fuels
• Rating of SI and CI engine fuels
• Alternative fuels for SI and CI engines (liquid, gaseous, hydrogen, LPG, CNG, biogas, etc.)
• Air‑fuel requirement
• Analysis of combustion products
• Higher heating value (HHV) and lower heating value (LHV) of fuels

• Methods of supercharging and turbocharging
• Effects of supercharging and turbocharging on engine performance
• Engine modifications for supercharging
• Supercharging of two‑stroke engines
• Microprocessor‑controlled supercharging
• Cooling and lubrication of SI and CI engines

The syllabus lists no separate topics for this unit.