AD-305 Object Oriented Programming and Methodology - Nov 2022 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aDescribe the various control statement with example.
   How to answer

   • Definition of control flow/statements in C++
   • Categorization: Decision making/Selection (if, if-else, switch)
   • Iteration/Looping statements (for, while, do-while)
   • Jump statements (break, continue, goto, return)
   • Brief code snippet/example for each category
2. 7 Marks
   bDiscuss and compare run time and compile time polymorphism.
   How to answer

   • Definition of polymorphism
   • Compile-time polymorphism: Definition, mechanisms (function overloading, operator overloading), early/static binding
   • Run-time polymorphism: Definition, mechanisms (virtual functions, dynamic binding), late binding
   • Tabular comparison based on binding time, execution speed, flexibility, and implementation mechanisms
3. 7 Marks
   aExplain object oriented programming languages with its features.
   How to answer

   • Definition and core philosophy of OOP
   • Key concepts and features: Objects and Classes
   • Encapsulation and Data Hiding
   • Abstraction
   • Inheritance
   • Polymorphism, Dynamic Binding, and Message Passing
4. 7 Marks
   bWhat are Empty classes? Can instance empty class be created? Give reason.
   How to answer

   • Definition of an empty class (a class with no data members or member functions)
   • Affirmation that an instance of an empty class can indeed be created
   • Explanation of memory allocation: sizeof(EmptyClass) is typically 1 byte (non-zero)
   • Reason: Each object must have a unique memory address so that pointers to distinct objects are distinct
5. 7 Marks
   aDiscuss the role of $\text{C}_{\text{out}}$ and $\text{C}_{\text{in}}$ in detail. Why they are used in C++ and from which class they belong to? Explain in detail.
   How to answer

   • Role of cout (standard output stream) with insertion operator `<<`
   • Role of cin (standard input stream) with extraction operator `>>`
   • Class hierarchy: `cin` is an object of `istream` class; `cout` is an object of `ostream` class; both declared in `<iostream>`
   • Advantages/reasons for use over C I/O (`printf`/`scanf`): type safety, extensibility to user-defined types
6. 7 Marks
   bWhat is Operator overloading? Can friend function be used to overload the assignment operator (=).
   How to answer

   • Definition of operator overloading and its syntax
   • Rules for overloading operators
   • Direct answer regarding assignment operator: No, `=` cannot be overloaded using a friend function
   • Reason: The assignment operator (`=`) must be an explicit non-static member function of the class to avoid ambiguity and ensure correct object semantics
7. 14 Marks
   Write short notes on (any two): i) Exception handling ii) New and delete iii) Polymorphism
   How to answer

   • i) Exception Handling: Mechanism to handle runtime errors; try, throw, and catch blocks; advantages over traditional error codes.
   • ii) New and Delete: Dynamic memory allocation/deallocation operators in C++; syntax, memory leak prevention, comparison with malloc/free.
   • iii) Polymorphism: 'Many forms' concept; types (compile-time vs run-time); benefits in code reusability and extensibility.
8. 7 Marks
   aWrite a program in C++ which demonstrate the use of Inheritance.
   How to answer

   • Define a base class (e.g., `Vehicle` or `Person`) with data members and methods
   • Define a derived class (e.g., `Car` or `Student`) inheriting publicly from the base class
   • Implement `main()` function demonstrating creation of derived class object and calling inherited methods
   • Brief explanation of the output
9. 7 Marks
   bExplain pointer and function pointer.
   How to answer

   • Definition of pointer: Variable storing the memory address of another variable; syntax and usage
   • Definition of function pointer: Pointer that points to the address of executable code of a function
   • Syntax for declaring, assigning, and invoking via a function pointer
   • Use cases of function pointers (e.g., callback functions, event handling)
10. 7 Marks
    aWhat are the advantages and limitation of using default arguments in a function? Write a program which defines a function with three default arguments and call the function in four different ways.
    How to answer

    • Advantages of default arguments (flexibility, simplified calling syntax, backwards compatibility)
    • Limitations/rules (must be assigned from right to left, cannot re-specify in definition if declared in prototype, potential ambiguity with overloading)
    • C++ program with a function e.g. `void display(int a=1, int b=2, int c=3)`
    • Four function calls: `display()`, `display(10)`, `display(10, 20)`, `display(10, 20, 30)` in `main()`
11. 7 Marks
    bHow inherited method is different from redefined method?
    How to answer

    • Definition of inherited method (method acquired directly from base class without alteration)
    • Definition of redefined method (method in derived class with same signature/name providing a new implementation, hiding the base version)
    • Key differences: behavior, memory resolution, requirement of `virtual` keyword for polymorphic behavior
    • Brief code example showing both
12. 7 Marks
    aDesign a class called as FATHER and MOTHER as base classes and class CHILD which is derived from both FATHER and MOTHER. FATHER has qualities $Q$, $Q_2$ and $Q_3$ and MOTHER has qualities $Q_1$, $Q_2$ and $Q_4$. Write a C++ program to display the qualities of CHILD due to inheritance.
    How to answer

    • Define class `FATHER` with member data/display methods for qualities $Q$, $Q_2$, $Q_3$
    • Define class `MOTHER` with member data/display methods for qualities $Q_1$, $Q_2$, $Q_4$
    • Derive class `CHILD` using multiple inheritance (`class CHILD : public FATHER, public MOTHER`)
    • Handle the ambiguity for the common quality $Q_2$ using scope resolution (e.g., `FATHER::Q_2` or `MOTHER::Q_2`)
    • `main()` function to instantiate `CHILD` and invoke display functions
13. 7 Marks
    bWhat are the various stream classes and stream error? Explain them in brief. What are input and output streams? Give examples.
    How to answer

    • Overview of C++ stream class hierarchy (`ios`, `istream`, `ostream`, `iostream`, `ifstream`, `ofstream`)
    • Stream error state flags: `goodbit`, `eofbit`, `failbit`, `badbit`, and functions to check them (`good()`, `eof()`, `fail()`, `bad()`, `clear()`)
    • Explanation of Input streams (data flowing into program from source) and Output streams (data flowing out to destination)
    • Code examples using `cin`, `cout`, or file streams
14. 7 Marks
    aWhat are the access modifiers? How many types of access modifiers are available in C++? Explain each of them and their role in implementing the data hiding in object oriented programming.
    How to answer

    • Definition of access specifiers/modifiers
    • Three types in C++: `private`, `protected`, `public`
    • Detailed explanation of visibility and accessibility for each modifier within class, derived class, and outside the class
    • Role in data hiding: Restricting direct access to sensitive data members and allowing controlled access via public getters/setters
15. 7 Marks
    bExplain in detail about exception and how they handled? Define function template and class template.
    How to answer

    • Definition of exception and exception handling flow (try, throw, catch mechanism)
    • Syntax and code structure of structured exception handling
    • Definition of Function Template with syntax and example
    • Definition of Class Template with syntax and example