AD-305 Object Oriented Programming and Methodology - Jun 2023 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aExplain the characteristics of Object-Oriented Programming and Procedural Programming in brief.
   How to answer

   • Key characteristics of Procedural Programming (top-down approach, focus on functions/procedures, free movement of data)
   • Key characteristics of Object-Oriented Programming (bottom-up approach, focus on data encapsulation, objects, inheritance, polymorphism)
   • Tabular comparison summarizing key differences
2. 7 Marks
   bDescribe in detail the features of object-oriented paradigm.
   How to answer

   • Classes and Objects concepts
   • Encapsulation and Data Hiding
   • Abstraction
   • Inheritance
   • Polymorphism and Dynamic Binding
   • Message Passing
3. 7 Marks
   aWhat is meant by abstract class?
   How to answer

   • Definition of abstract class (cannot be instantiated)
   • Explanation of pure virtual functions / abstract methods
   • Role as a base class or interface blueprint
   • Brief example syntax
4. 7 Marks
   bWhat is constructor? Is it mandatory to use constructor in a class.
   How to answer

   • Definition of constructor (special member function with same name as class)
   • Key characteristics (no return type, called automatically during instantiation)
   • Whether it is mandatory: No, the compiler provides a default constructor if none is defined
   • Types of constructors
5. 7 Marks
   aExplain the fundamental concept behind inheritance in object-oriented programming by taking an example. Define multiple, multilevel and hybrid inheritance with diagram and syntax.
   How to answer

   • Concept of inheritance (code reusability, base and derived classes, 'is-a' relationship) with an example
   • Multiple inheritance: definition, class diagram, and syntax
   • Multilevel inheritance: definition, class diagram, and syntax
   • Hybrid inheritance: definition, class diagram, syntax, and diamond problem overview
6. 7 Marks
   bExplain the concept of association an aggregation in object-oriented approach. What is and Abstract class? Why Abstract classes are used?
   How to answer

   • Explain Association ('has-a' or 'uses-a' relationship between independent classes)
   • Explain Aggregation (weak form of association, 'part-of' relationship with independent lifecycles)
   • Define Abstract class
   • Reasons for using Abstract classes (defining common interface, enforcing method overriding, design template)
7. 7 Marks
   aCreate a class called cake with attributes height, weight, shape and message with a default constructor. Overload the constructor with arguments. Create methods to display details and increase the height by 2 cms and weight by 0.5 kg. finally display the details again.
   How to answer

   • Class definition with data members: height, weight, shape, message
   • Default constructor setting default values
   • Parameterized (overloaded) constructor initializing members with given arguments
   • Member method to display object attributes
   • Member method to increase height by 2 and weight by 0.5
   • Main function creating an object, calling display, incrementing values, and displaying updated details
8. 7 Marks
   bHow polymorphism is achieved at compile time and run time?
   How to answer

   • Definition of compile-time (static) polymorphism achieved via function overloading and operator overloading
   • Definition of run-time (dynamic) polymorphism achieved via virtual functions and method overriding
   • Mechanism of virtual tables (vtable) and virtual table pointers (vptr)
   • Code snippets illustrating both types
9. 7 Marks
   aWhat is meant by exceptions? How exception is handled?
   How to answer

   • Definition of exception (runtime anomaly disrupting normal program flow)
   • Exception handling mechanism: try, catch, throw blocks (and finally/throws if Java)
   • Flow of control during exception generation and handling
   • Basic syntax / code example
10. 7 Marks
    bExplain ATM system using object-oriented diagram.
    How to answer

    • Identification of classes: Bank, ATM, Customer, Account, Card, Transaction
    • UML class diagram showing attributes, methods, and relationships (association, aggregation)
    • Explanation of key interactions (Authenticate, Check Balance, Withdraw, Deposit)
    • Brief use-case or sequence explanation
11. 7 Marks
    aWhat do you mean by Array Index Out of Bounds Exception and Null Pointer Exception?
    How to answer

    • ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: occurs when accessing an illegal index (< 0 or >= array size); code example
    • NullPointerException: occurs when attempting to access members or invoke methods on a null reference; code example
    • Prevention techniques (boundary checking, null check)
12. 7 Marks
    bWhat are member functions? Explain with example.
    How to answer

    • Definition of member functions (functions declared inside a class that operate on class data)
    • Inside-class vs. outside-class definition (using scope resolution operator ::)
    • Access specifiers (public, private, protected) regarding member functions
    • Complete code example declaring, defining, and invoking a member function
13. 7 Marks
    aHow message passing is possible in JAVA? Give example.
    How to answer

    • Concept of message passing in OOP (communication between objects)
    • How it is realized in Java: object.methodName(parameters)
    • Components: sender object, receiver object, message (method name and arguments)
    • Illustrative Java code example demonstrating method call between two objects
14. 7 Marks
    bGive example of multiple object declaration, variable declarations and constant declaration.
    How to answer

    • Syntax and examples for declaring multiple objects of a class simultaneously
    • Syntax and examples for variable declarations (primitive and reference types)
    • Syntax and examples for constant declaration (using const in C++ or final in Java)
15. 14 Marks
    Write short notes on (any two):

    1. a)Association
    2. b)Access modifiers
    3. c)Abstract base classes
    How to answer

    • Association: definition, types (uni/bidirectional), UML representation, code example
    • Access modifiers: public, private, protected (and default), visibility and security table
    • Abstract base classes: definition, purpose, pure virtual functions, derived implementation requirements