Digital Image Processing (EC-803 (B)) - Important Questions

Define digital image processing. List and briefly explain major application fields of digital image processing and describe the fundamental steps involved in a typical digital image processing system.

Draw the block diagram of a digital image processing system and explain the function of each component in the diagram. Include discussion on image acquisition, preprocessing, feature extraction, storage, and display.

Explain the elements of visual perception relevant to digital image processing. Discuss brightness perception, contrast sensitivity, and spatial frequency response of the human visual system and their implications for image processing.

Describe image sensing and acquisition. Explain the working principles and key differences between CCD and CMOS image sensors and outline typical steps from optical sampling to digitized image formation.

Explain image sampling and quantization. Show how a continuous image $f(x,y)$ is converted into a discrete image $f\left[m,n\right]$ with finite spatial resolution $M\times N$ and finite gray levels $L$. Discuss the effects of sampling rate and number of quantization levels on image quality.

Explain the basic relationships between pixels in a digital image: adjacency, connectivity, neighborhood, and distance measures. Define 4-adjacency, 8-adjacency and the concept of connected components.

Write short notes on common image file formats used in digital image processing (BMP, JPEG, PNG, TIFF), mentioning their key characteristics, compression types (lossy or lossless) and typical use-cases.

Explain image representation conventions including coordinate origin, row-major versus column-major indexing, bit-depth and intensity (gray-level) representation. Describe common intensity transformation goals such as normalization and contrast adjustment.