Advance Python Programming (CY-406) - Important Questions

Define class and object in Python. Write a class Person with attributes name and age, a constructor, a method display() that prints details, then create two objects and show their outputs.

Explain the difference between class variables and instance variables in Python. Provide a code example that demonstrates how changing a class variable affects all instances while changing an instance variable affects only that instance.

Explain inheritance in Python. With suitable examples implement single inheritance, multilevel inheritance, and multiple inheritance. Demonstrate method overriding and how to call a parent class method from an overridden method.

What is polymorphism in Python? Demonstrate polymorphism using method overriding. Additionally, implement operator overloading for a Vector class to support addition using the add method and provide a str method for readable output.

Explain the differences between instance methods, @classmethod and @staticmethod in Python. Provide code examples showing when and how to use each type of method.

Explain encapsulation in Python. How does Python implement 'private' attributes (name mangling)? Provide an example that shows protected and private attribute conventions and how name mangling works.

Explain Python's iterator protocol. Write a custom iterable class RangeLike that implements iter and next to iterate from 0 up to a given limit. Show example usage in a for loop.

What are abstract base classes in Python? Using the abc module, define an abstract class Shape with an abstract method area() and implement concrete subclasses Circle and Rectangle that provide area() implementations.

Explain the use of property() and the @property decorator in Python. Create a class Celsius with a private attribute _temp and a temperature property that enforces a minimum value (e.g., not below -273.15). Demonstrate getter, setter and deleter.

What is a metaclass in Python? Write a simple metaclass that logs the name of each class created using it. Demonstrate its use by creating a sample class that uses this metaclass and show the logged output.

Explain the dataclass decorator in Python 3.7+. Define an immutable (frozen) dataclass Point with coordinates x and y, demonstrate autogenerated methods (like eq and repr), and show how default_factory can be used for mutable fields.