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CY-403 Computer Networks Notes

5 notes for Computer Networks, unit by unit.

Unit 1 · Short notes Introduction to computer networks and OSI model Fundamentals of computer networks and their uses · Network topologies · ISO‑OSI layered architecture and peer‑to‑peer processes · Encapsulation and functions/services of OSI layers · Physical layer: digital signals, transmission impairments, maximum data rate · Shannon's theorem and Nyquist theorem
Unit 2 · Short notes Data link layer protocols and medium access Design issues and functions of the data link layer · Error detection and correction techniques · Forward error correction versus retransmission · Hamming code and CRC codes · Framing methods – fixed‑size, variable‑size, bit stuffing, byte stuffing · Data link protocols – Stop‑and‑Wait, Sliding window, PPP, SLIP, HDLC
Unit 3 · Short notes LAN standards, devices and network layer basics IEEE 802 LAN standards – 802.3, 802.4, 802.5 · LAN devices – hubs, switches (learning, cut‑through, store‑and‑forward) · Bridges and spanning‑tree protocol · Remote bridges and inter‑bridge communication · Internetworking devices – routers and gateways · Network layer design issues and functions
Unit 4 · Short notes Routing algorithms and TCP/IP fundamentals Routing algorithms – shortest‑path, flooding, link‑state (LSR), distance‑vector, hierarchical routing · TCP/IP protocol suite architecture · Classful IP addressing · ARP and RARP mechanisms · IP datagrams with options and delivery process · ICMP functions
Unit 5 · Short notes Subnetting, transport and application layer services Subnetting, supernetting and CIDR · Transport‑layer congestion control, load shedding and jitter control · Transport‑layer addressing and multiplexing · Connection establishment, release and flow control · Application‑layer services – DNS and electronic mail

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