CS-305 Object Oriented Programming and Methodology - Nov 2022 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aWhat is Object Oriented Programming? Write merits and demerits of OOPs and also write applications of object-oriented programming.
   How to answer

   • Definition of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and its core paradigm.
   • Key merits: reusability, modularity, data security/hiding, ease of maintenance.
   • Key demerits: steep learning curve, larger program size, potentially slower execution.
   • Major real-world applications: GUI development, simulation and modeling, database systems, gaming engines.
2. 7 Marks
   bWhat are the different kinds of relationship among classes? Explain.
   How to answer

   • List various relationships: Association, Aggregation, Composition, Inheritance (Generalization), and Dependency.
   • Explain 'is-a' relationship (Inheritance) with a brief code/class diagram example.
   • Explain 'has-a' relationships (Aggregation vs. Composition with whole-part lifecycle).
   • Explain 'uses-a' relationship (Dependency) and general Association.
3. 7 Marks
   aWhat do you mean by the term class and object? What is the relation and difference between these two? Write an example (syntax) to define a class in C++. Explain state, behavior, and identity of object in brief.
   How to answer

   • Define class (blueprint/user-defined data type) and object (instance of a class).
   • Compare class vs. object (logical vs. physical entity, memory allocation).
   • Provide standard C++ syntax/code example for declaring a class and creating an object.
   • Explain the three object characteristics: State (attributes/values), Behavior (methods/operations), Identity (unique memory address/identifier).
4. 7 Marks
   bDiscuss construction and destruction of an object. Write a program to explain it.
   How to answer

   • Explain object lifecycle: construction allocates memory and initializes members; destruction frees resources when object goes out of scope.
   • Role of constructor and destructor functions in object lifecycle.
   • Write a complete C++ program containing a class with a constructor and destructor with print statements.
   • State the expected output showing the reverse order of destruction for local objects.
5. 7 Marks
   aExplain the concept of association an aggregation in object-oriented approach. What is and Abstract class? Why Abstract classes are used?
   How to answer

   • Define Association (relationship between independent objects) and Aggregation (weak 'has-a' whole-part relationship where parts can exist independently).
   • Define Abstract Class (a class with at least one pure virtual function that cannot be instantiated).
   • Explain purpose of Abstract Classes: provides a common base interface, enforces implementation guidelines on derived classes, supports runtime polymorphism.
6. 7 Marks
   bWhat are the access modifiers? How many types of access modifiers are available in C++? Explain each one in detail and their role in implementing the data hiding in object-oriented programming.
   How to answer

   • Definition of access modifiers (specifiers).
   • List the three types available in C++: public, private, protected.
   • Explain the accessibility rules for each specifier (within class, derived class, outside class).
   • Discuss how private specifiers enable data hiding and encapsulation by preventing direct external access to sensitive class attributes.
7. 7 Marks
   aExplain the role of constructor and destructor in a class. What are the different types of constructors in C++? Write the appropriate syntax for the copy constructor and parameterized constructors.
   How to answer

   • Role of constructor (initialization upon creation) and destructor (cleanup/resource deallocation upon destruction).
   • Types of constructors: Default, Parameterized, Copy (and dynamic/move constructors).
   • Syntax and example of parameterized constructor: `ClassName(type arg1, ...);`.
   • Syntax and example of copy constructor: `ClassName(const ClassName &obj);`.
8. 7 Marks
   bExplain method overloading and method overriding with example.
   How to answer

   • Define method overloading: functions in the same scope with same name but different signatures (compile-time polymorphism).
   • Provide code example of method overloading.
   • Define method overriding: derived class redefines a base class virtual function with identical signature (runtime polymorphism).
   • Provide code example of method overriding using base pointer and derived object.
9. 7 Marks
   aWhat is Operator overloading? Design a Distance class with data members for distance in meters, centimeters, and millimeters. Write a program to overload addition and subtraction operators respectively in a class Distance.
   How to answer

   • Define operator overloading: giving special meaning to an existing C++ operator when applied to user-defined data types.
   • Class Distance declaration with member variables: `meters`, `centimeters`, `millimeters`.
   • Implementation of `operator+` handling unit conversions/carries.
   • Implementation of `operator-` handling unit borrowing/conversions.
   • `main()` driver code demonstrating adding and subtracting two Distance objects and printing the result.
10. 7 Marks
    bWhat is String? Explain functions of strings with suitable examples.
    How to answer

    • Definition of String: sequence of characters terminated by null character in C-style, or `std::string` class object in C++ standard library.
    • List and explain common string functions/methods: `length()`/`size()`, `append()`/concatenation, `substr()`, `find()`, `compare()`, or C-string functions (`strlen`, `strcpy`, `strcat`, `strcmp`).
    • Provide code snippets demonstrating the usage of these functions.
11. 7 Marks
    aWhen does ambiguity arise in multiple inheritance? How can one resolve it? Develop a program in C++ to create a derived class having the following items: name, age, rollno, marks, empcode and designation. Design a base class student having data members as rollno, marks and another base class is employee having data members as empcode and designation. These both base classes are inherited from a single base class person with data members name and age. The program should carry out the required input() and output() member function for all.
    How to answer

    • Explain the Diamond Problem ambiguity in multiple inheritance (multiple paths to common ancestor duplicate data members).
    • Explain resolution using virtual base classes (`virtual public Person`) and scope resolution operator (`::`).
    • Define class `Person` with `name`, `age`.
    • Define classes `Student` and `Employee` virtually inheriting from `Person`.
    • Define derived class (e.g., `WorkingStudent`) inheriting both, implementing `input()` and `output()` methods.
    • `main()` driver creating object, taking inputs, and displaying complete information.
12. 7 Marks
    bExplain the concept of interfaces and abstract class in detail.
    How to answer

    • Define Abstract Class: a class containing at least one pure virtual function, can have concrete methods and instance variables.
    • Define Interface in C++ context: pure abstract class containing only pure virtual functions and no member data/implementation.
    • Key differences: method implementation support, data fields, partial vs complete abstraction.
    • Illustrative C++ syntax/code for both concepts.
13. 7 Marks
    aExplain exception handling and multithreading.
    How to answer

    • Define Exception Handling: mechanism to handle runtime errors gracefully.
    • Explain `try`, `catch`, and `throw` blocks with a short code snippet.
    • Define Multithreading: concurrent execution of two or more parts of a program to maximize CPU utilization.
    • Explain thread lifecycle, benefits, and standard C++ `<thread>` usage.
14. 7 Marks
    bDefine polymorphism and its types. How compile time polymorphism is different from run time polymorphism.
    How to answer

    • Define Polymorphism ('many forms'): the ability of a message or function to be displayed or executed in more than one form.
    • List types: Compile-time (Static) vs Run-time (Dynamic).
    • Tabular comparison: Early binding vs Late binding, function/operator overloading vs virtual functions, performance vs flexibility.
    • Brief code example showing both kinds.
15. 14 Marks
    Write short note on (any two):

    1. i)Virtual function
    2. ii)File Handling
    3. iii)Data collection
    How to answer

    • i) Virtual function: member function in base class declared with 'virtual', overridden in derived class, enables runtime dynamic dispatch via vtable/vptr.
    • ii) File Handling: stream classes (`ifstream`, `ofstream`, `fstream`), file modes, opening/reading/writing/closing files.
    • iii) Data collection: concepts of gathering data in systems, or Standard Template Library (STL) collection containers (vector, list, map).