CE-303 Surveying - Nov 2022 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 9 Marks
   aThe following staff readings were obtained during a levelling work with the instrument being shifted after the $4^{\text{th}}$, $7^{\text{th}}$ and $10^{\text{th}}$. Readings: 2.315, 0.945, 0.885, 1.345, 2.805, 1.185, 1.215, 2.315, 1.369, 0.885 and 1.985. Find the reduced levels of the remaining points if the RL of the second turning point is 200.00.
   How to answer

   • Enter staff readings in standard levelling field book table classifying them into BS, IS, and FS based on change points (4th, 7th, 10th).
   • Identify CP2 (7th reading is FS to CP2, 8th reading is BS from new setup).
   • Work backwards and forwards using either Height of Instrument (HI) or Rise and Fall method starting from known RL of CP2 = 200.00 m.
   • Calculate the RL of all remaining stations.
   • Apply arithmetic checks: $\Sigma BS - \Sigma FS = \text{Last RL} - \text{First RL}$.
2. 5 Marks
   bWhat is the principle of Plane table surveying and Where the Plane table survey is used.
   How to answer

   • State the fundamental principle: Parallelism (lines drawn on paper remain parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground).
   • Explain orientation of the plane table to maintain parallelism.
   • List key applications: small/medium scale mapping, filling in topographic details between control stations, rapid reconnaissance surveys, military surveys.
3. 8 Marks
   aDiscuss in brief about the Primary classification and Secondary classification of surveying.
   How to answer

   • Primary Classification: Plane Surveying (curvature ignored, < 250 km²) and Geodetic Surveying (curvature considered, large areas).
   • Secondary Classification based on: Nature of the field (Land, Marine/Hydrographic, Astronomical), Object/Purpose of survey (Engineering, Military, Mine, Geological, Archaeological), Instruments used (Chain, Compass, Plane Table, Theodolite, Tacheometric, Photogrammetric).
4. 6 Marks
   bDiscuss about the five types of chains used in chain surveying and sketch the main component of the chains.
   How to answer

   • List and describe 5 types of chains: Metric Chain (20m/30m), Gunter's/Surveyor's Chain (66 ft, 100 links), Engineer's Chain (100 ft, 100 links), Revenue Chain (33 ft, 16 links), Steel Band.
   • Sketch main components: brass handle, swivel joint, links made of galvanized mild steel wire, connecting oval rings, brass tallies and grooves.
5. 5 Marks
   aDefine Transiting, Centring and Bubble Down.
   How to answer

   • Transiting: The process of turning the telescope about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane through 180°.
   • Centring: The process of setting the instrument exactly over the station mark using a plumb bob or optical plummet.
   • Bubble Down: State of the theodolite when the altitude bubble/telescope level tube is beneath or at the bottom side of the telescope (face right/telescope inverted condition).
6. 9 Marks
   bGive a details explanation about the parts of Transit Theodolite with a neat sketch.
   How to answer

   • Draw a neat, labelled diagram of a transit theodolite showing leveling head, lower plate, upper plate, standards (A-frame), telescope, vertical circle, and plate levels.
   • Detail major components: Levelling head (tribrach and trivet), Lower plate with scale, Upper plate with verniers, Standards/A-frame, Telescope, Vertical circle and index arm, Bubble tubes, Clamping and slow-motion tangent screws.
7. 4 Marks
   aDiscuss about the least count of vernier in theodolite.
   How to answer

   • Define least count as the smallest value that can be measured directly by an instrument ($LC = s/n$ where $s$ is main scale division value, $n$ is number of vernier divisions).
   • Explain typical transit theodolite main scale: 1 degree divided into 3 or 6 parts (value of one division $s = 20'$ or $10'$).
   • Calculate standard least count: for $s = 20'$ and $n = 60$ divisions, $LC = 20'/60 = 20''$.
8. 10 Marks
   b

   Find the area of the closed traverse having the following data by the departure and total latitude method.

   Side	Latitude	Departure
   AB	+225.5	+120.5
   BC	-245.0	+210.0
   CD	-150.5	-110.5
   DA	+170.0	-220.0

   How to answer

   • Verify closing error: $\Sigma L = 225.5 - 245.0 - 150.5 + 170.0 = 0$, $\Sigma D = 120.5 + 210.0 - 110.5 - 220.0 = 0$.
   • Determine total latitudes (Northing/Southing) of stations A, B, C, D assuming station A as reference $(0, 0)$.
   • Compute coordinates: $A(0, 0)$, $B(120.5, 225.5)$, $C(330.5, -19.5)$, $D(220.0, -170.0)$.
   • Apply formula for area: $2A = \sum [\text{Departure} \times (\text{Sum of adjacent total latitudes})]$ or coordinate formula $\frac{1}{2} |\sum (x_i y_{i+1} - x_{i+1} y_i)|$.
   • Calculate the numerical value of the enclosed area in square units.
9. 4 Marks
   aDiscuss about the principle of tacheometry.
   How to answer

   • State the principle based on similar isosceles triangles: ratio of distance of base from apex to length of base is constant.
   • Express basic formula: $D = ks + c$ where $k = f/i$ (multiplying constant) and $c = f + d$ (additive constant).
   • Explain that for an anallatic lens, $k = 100$ and $c = 0$, giving $D = 100s$.
10. 10 Marks
    bDerive the Derivation of the Fixed Hair Method for calculating the distance. i) When the line of sight is horizontal and staff is held vertically. ii) When the line of sight is inclined and staff is held vertically.
    How to answer

    • Case i: Draw diagram with horizontal sight. Use lens formula $1/f = 1/u + 1/v$ and similar triangles to derive $D = (f/i)s + (f+d) = ks + c$.
    • Case ii: Draw diagram with inclined sight at angle $\theta$ with vertical staff. Resolve staff intercept perpendicular to line of sight: $s' = s \cos\theta$.
    • Express inclined distance: $L = k(s \cos\theta) + c$.
    • Derive horizontal distance: $D = L \cos\theta = ks \cos^2\theta + c \cos\theta$.
    • Derive vertical component: $V = L \sin\theta = \frac{1}{2} ks \sin 2\theta + c \sin\theta$.
11. 4 Marks
    aWhat are the Characteristics of Tacheometer?
    How to answer

    • The multiplying constant $k = f/i$ is usually kept equal to 100.
    • The additive constant $c = f+d$ is made zero by incorporating an anallatic lens.
    • The telescope should be truly anallatic, powerful (magnification 20x to 30x), with high resolving power and large aperture.
    • The diaphragm must be fitted with stadia hairs equispaced from the central horizontal crosshair.
12. 10 Marks
    b

    The following observation were taken with the tacheometer fitted with an anallatic lens the staff being held vertically. The constant of tacheometer is 100.

    Inst station	Height of Instrument	Staff Station	Vertical angle	Staff Readings (m)	Remarks
    P	1.255	BM	-4°20'	1.325, 1.825, 2.325	R.L of BM is 255.750 m
    P	1.255	A	+6°30'	0.850, 1.600, 2.350
    B	1.450	A	-7°24'	1.715, 2.315, 2.915

    How to answer

    • From setup at P to BM: staff intercept $s_1 = 2.325 - 1.325 = 1.000$ m, $\theta = -4^\circ 20'$, axial reading $h = 1.825$ m. Calculate $V_1 = 100 \times 1.000 \times \sin(4^\circ 20') \cos(4^\circ 20')$. Calculate RL of P from known RL of BM.
    • From setup at P to A: staff intercept $s_2 = 2.350 - 0.850 = 1.500$ m, $\theta = +6^\circ 30'$, axial reading $h = 1.600$ m. Calculate $V_2$ and $D_{PA}$. Calculate RL of A.
    • From setup at B to A: staff intercept $s_3 = 2.915 - 1.715 = 1.200$ m, $\theta = -7^\circ 24'$, axial reading $h = 2.315$ m. Calculate $V_3$ and $D_{BA}$. Calculate RL of B using the RL of A.
    • State final reduced levels of P, A, B and distances.
13. 6 Marks
    aDescribe in Brief about the procedure involve in Marine Survey.
    How to answer

    • Define marine/hydrographic surveying (mapping water bodies, depths, navigation routes).
    • Step 1: Establishment of horizontal control along the shore (triangulation/traversing).
    • Step 2: Establishment of vertical control and tide gauge observations to define sounding datum.
    • Step 3: Soundings (measuring depth of water at various points using sounding lines, lead lines, or echo sounders).
    • Step 4: Location/fixing of sounding positions from shore or vessel (resection, sextant angles, GPS).
    • Step 5: Plotting and preparation of bathymetric/navigational charts.
14. 8 Marks
    bDescribe about the Necessity, Location of Site for Rain Gauge Station and Measurement of Rainfall using Rain Gauge with a neat sketch.
    How to answer

    • Necessity: Design of drainage, irrigation projects, flood forecasting, water resource planning.
    • Site Selection: Open ground, level site, distance from nearest obstacle $\ge 2 \times$ height of obstacle, fenced against animals.
    • Neat Sketch: Symons' non-recording rain gauge (funnel, receiver bottle, metal casing, concrete base, measuring cylinder).
    • Measurement Procedure: Water collected during 24 hours measured daily at 8:30 AM IST using a calibrated graduated measuring glass.
15. 5 Marks
    aDiscuss about the Following with a neat sketch: Sounding Cable
    How to answer

    • Define sounding cable/line used to determine water depth in hydrographic survey.
    • Components: steel wire or braided cord, graduated markings/tags, attached streamlined lead weight (sinker).
    • Sketch the sounding cable assembly with weight, markings, and winch/reel setup.
    • Method of operation and correction for drift/current.
16. 5 Marks
    bDiscuss about the Following with a neat sketch: Surface Float method
    How to answer

    • Principle: Measuring the time taken by a floating object to traverse a known distance in an open channel/stream.
    • Calculation: Surface velocity $V_s = \text{Distance} / \text{Time}$. Mean velocity $V_{\text{mean}} = 0.85 \times V_s$ to $0.90 \times V_s$.
    • Sketch: Plan view of river reach with cross-sections at upstream and downstream ends, timing stations, and travel path of float.
17. 4 Marks
    cDiscuss about the Following with a neat sketch: Pitot tube method
    How to answer

    • Principle: Converts kinetic energy of fluid into pressure energy (stagnation head).
    • Velocity formula: $v = C_v \sqrt{2gh}$ where $h$ is dynamic head difference and $C_v$ is coefficient of pitot tube.
    • Sketch: L-shaped tube placed facing upstream in flow with static and stagnation openings and water column rise $h$.
    • Application in stream flow and open channel velocity measurements.