AL-305 Object Oriented Programming and Methodology - Jun 2025 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aDefine the object model. What are the core elements of an object model in OOP?
   How to answer

   • Definition of the Object Model
   • Major elements: Abstraction, Encapsulation, Modularity, Hierarchy
   • Minor elements: Typing, Concurrency, Persistence
   • Brief explanation of each core element
2. 7 Marks
   bWhat are the main features of the object-oriented paradigm and how do they contribute to its advantages and disadvantages?
   How to answer

   • Key features: Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Data Hiding
   • Contribution to advantages: Reusability, Maintainability, Security, Extensibility
   • Contribution to disadvantages: Overhead, Execution speed, Complexity, Steeper learning curve
3. 7 Marks
   aHow are objects constructed and destroyed in OOP and what are the key concepts involved in this process?
   How to answer

   • Object instantiation and initialization via constructors
   • Types of constructors (default, parameterized, copy)
   • Object destruction via destructors and memory deallocation
   • Key concepts: Automatic vs Dynamic allocation (`new`/`delete`), RAII
4. 7 Marks
   bExplain the concept of objects with respect to their state, behaviour and identify.
   How to answer

   • State: Defined by attributes/properties and their current values
   • Behaviour: Defined by methods/functions representing actions or state transitions
   • Identity: Unique property distinguishing an object from all other objects (memory address/handle)
   • Illustrative example showing an object with state, behaviour, and identity
5. 7 Marks
   aExplain different types of loops in OOP. Give examples of for, while and do-while loops.
   How to answer

   • Introduction to loops/iteration statements in OOP languages
   • `for` loop: Syntax, execution flow, code example
   • `while` loop: Entry-controlled mechanism, syntax, code example
   • `do-while` loop: Exit-controlled mechanism, syntax, code example
6. 7 Marks
   bWhat are static members of a class? How are they different from instance members?
   How to answer

   • Definition of static data members and static methods
   • Key differences: Per-class vs per-instance storage
   • Invocation mechanisms (Class name vs object reference)
   • Code example demonstrating static vs instance variables
7. 7 Marks
   aExplain the concept of the "is a" relationship in inheritance.
   How to answer

   • Concept of inheritance modeling real-world hierarchy
   • Explanation of 'is-a' relationship (subclass is a specialized version of superclass)
   • Difference from 'has-a' (aggregation/composition) relationship
   • Code/conceptual example (e.g., Dog is an Animal)
8. 7 Marks
   bCompare interfaces and abstract classes in terms of features, use cases and flexibility.
   How to answer

   • Definitions of Interface and Abstract Class
   • Tabular comparison based on implementation details, constructor presence, speed
   • Use cases: Complete contract definition vs partial implementation/base behavior
   • Flexibility in multiple inheritance/implementation
9. 7 Marks
   aHow does a friend class in C++ access the private and protected members of another class and what are the implications of this access?
   How to answer

   • Syntax and declaration of a friend class using keyword `friend`
   • Mechanism of accessing private and protected data members
   • Implications: Breach/weakening of strict encapsulation, increased coupling
   • Non-reciprocal, non-transitive nature of friendship
10. 7 Marks
    bDifferentiate between compile-time (static) and run-time (dynamic) polymorphism with examples.
    How to answer

    • Definition of compile-time vs run-time polymorphism
    • Static: Function overloading, Operator overloading (Early binding)
    • Dynamic: Virtual functions, Function overriding (Late/dynamic binding)
    • Code examples illustrating both types
    • Comparison table
11. 14 Marks
    What is a friend function in C++? Why and when is it used? What are the limitations of friend functions in terms of encapsulation and security?
    How to answer

    • Definition of a friend function and syntax (`friend` keyword)
    • Why/When to use: Operator overloading (e.g., `<<`, `>>`), bridging two classes
    • Limitations regarding encapsulation: Breaks information hiding
    • Security implications: Grants full access to private data without class membership
12. 7 Marks
    aHow do you handle exceptions in a program and what are some best practices for exception handling?
    How to answer

    • Mechanism of handling exceptions (`try`, `catch`, `finally`/cleanup)
    • Flow of control during an exception
    • Best practices: Catch specific exceptions, avoid empty catch blocks, clean up resources (RAII), do not use exceptions for standard flow control
13. 7 Marks
    bWhat is the difference between throwing and catching an exception? Provide a code example.
    How to answer

    • Throwing: Explicit signaling of an anomalous condition via `throw` keyword
    • Catching: Intercepting and responding to the thrown exception using `catch` handler
    • Code example showing `throw` and corresponding `catch` block
14. 14 Marks
    Write a short notes (any three) i) Multi-threading ii) Virtual Friend function iii) Abstract classes iv) Data collection v) Type conversion
    How to answer

    • Multi-threading: Concurrent execution of threads within a process, thread lifecycle
    • Virtual Friend function: Concept, why friend functions cannot be virtual directly, and workarounds
    • Abstract classes: Classes with pure virtual methods that cannot be instantiated
    • Data collection: Collections framework/containers for grouping objects
    • Type conversion: Implicit (coercion) vs explicit (casting), conversion operators/constructors