AL-305 Object Oriented Programming and Methodology - Dec 2023 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aWhat do you understand by object-oriented programming? What are the advantages of programming using object oriented? Explain and define various OOP concepts in brief.
   How to answer

   • Definition of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm.
   • Key advantages: modularity, reusability, maintainability, data security.
   • Brief definitions and explanations of core concepts: Class, Object, Encapsulation, Data Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Dynamic Binding, Message Passing.
2. 7 Marks
   bBriefly describe merits and demerits of object-oriented methodology.
   How to answer

   • Merits: Code reusability (inheritance), ease of maintenance, data hiding/security, better mapping to real-world problems.
   • Demerits: Steeper learning curve, larger program size, potentially slower execution due to overhead, not suitable for all problem domains.
3. 7 Marks
   aWhat are the properties of encapsulation and data abstraction?
   How to answer

   • Definition and key properties of Encapsulation (bundling data and methods, data hiding, access specifiers: private/protected/public).
   • Definition and key properties of Data Abstraction (showing only essential details, hiding implementation, abstract classes/interfaces).
   • Distinction/relationship between abstraction (design level) and encapsulation (implementation level).
4. 7 Marks
   bWhat is construction and destruction? Explain with suitable example.
   How to answer

   • Definition and purpose of Constructors (automatic initialization on object creation).
   • Definition and purpose of Destructors (cleaning up resources when object goes out of scope).
   • Code example in C++/Java illustrating constructor and destructor (or finalize/cleaner).
   • Characteristics: same name as class, no return type, tilde prefix (C++).
5. 7 Marks
   aExplain the parameter passing models briefly.
   How to answer

   • Explanation of Pass by Value (copy of actual parameter is passed; modifications do not affect original).
   • Explanation of Pass by Reference (alias/reference to original variable passed; modifications affect original).
   • Explanation of Pass by Address/Pointer (memory address passed).
   • Brief code snippet or diagram illustrating memory behavior.
6. 7 Marks
   bDescribe the role of multiple inheritance in object-oriented programming.
   How to answer

   • Definition of multiple inheritance (a class deriving from more than one base class).
   • Role/advantages: combining features from different hierarchies, modeling complex real-world relationships.
   • Issues associated: Diamond problem / ambiguity.
   • How it is handled in C++ (virtual inheritance) vs Java (interfaces).
7. 7 Marks
   aExplain the meaning of polymorphism. How polymorphism is achieved at run time? Explain with an example.
   How to answer

   • Definition of polymorphism ('many forms').
   • Distinction between compile-time and run-time polymorphism.
   • Mechanism of runtime polymorphism: method overriding, virtual functions (C++) / dynamic method dispatch (Java), vptr and vtable.
   • Complete code example demonstrating base pointer pointing to derived class object.
8. 7 Marks
   bDifferentiate between Overriding and Overloading methods.
   How to answer

   • Tabular comparison based on: scope/context, parameter list/signature, return type rules, binding mechanism (early vs late binding), and inheritance requirement.
   • Short code snippets showing overloading vs overriding.
9. 7 Marks
   aExplain the concept of exception handling in JAVA.
   How to answer

   • Definition of an exception and purpose of handling exceptions.
   • Exception hierarchy in Java (Throwable -> Exception, Error; Checked vs Unchecked).
   • Key keywords: try, catch, finally, throw, throws.
   • Code example showing try-catch-finally block.
10. 7 Marks
    bWhat is meant by file stream objects? Give example.
    How to answer

    • Definition of a stream as a sequence of bytes.
    • Concept of file stream objects (bridges connecting program to physical files for I/O operations).
    • Types: Input stream objects (reading) and Output stream objects (writing).
    • Example in C++ (ifstream, ofstream, fstream) or Java (FileInputStream, FileOutputStream, FileReader, FileWriter) with code.
11. 7 Marks
    aWrite a C++/JAVA program to calculate the area of rectangle, square and circle using constructor overloading.
    How to answer

    • Declare a class (e.g., `Shape` or `Area`).
    • Provide overloaded constructors: one parameter (float/double for circle, or int for square), two parameters (for rectangle).
    • Store or compute the area in each constructor or a display method.
    • Provide `main()` function instantiating objects for rectangle, square, and circle, displaying each computed area.
12. 7 Marks
    bWhat is interface? Discuss its concept interfaces.
    How to answer

    • Definition of interface in Java/OOP (a blueprint of a class containing abstract methods and constants).
    • Key characteristics: 100% abstraction (prior to Java 8), multiple inheritance support, loose coupling.
    • Syntax of defining and implementing an interface (`interface` and `implements` keywords).
    • Brief code snippet showing interface declaration and implementation.
13. 7 Marks
    aExplain the concept of multithreading in object-oriented programming approach. Writes its benefits.
    How to answer

    • Definition of thread (lightweight subprocess) and multithreading (concurrent execution of two or more threads).
    • Multithreading in OOP context (e.g., in Java using `Thread` class or `Runnable` interface).
    • Benefits: maximum CPU utilization, responsive UI, parallel execution, reduced idle time, independent execution.
    • Brief description of thread states (New, Runnable, Running, Blocked/Waiting, Terminated).
14. 7 Marks
    bExplain library management system using object-oriented diagram.
    How to answer

    • Identify core classes/entities: `Book`, `Member`/`User`, `Librarian`, `Account`, `Transaction`/`Loan`.
    • Draw UML Class Diagram showing classes with attributes, methods, and relationships (association, inheritance, aggregation).
    • Explain functionality: issue book, return book, calculate fine, search book.
    • Briefly explain the role of OOP concepts applied in the design.
15. 14 Marks
    Write short notes on (any two):

    1. a)Data Collection
    2. b)Message Passing
    3. c)Static polymorphism
    How to answer

    • Data Collection: Concept of gathering and storing objects/data structures (e.g., collections framework in Java: List, Set, Map).
    • Message Passing: Process of communication between objects by invoking methods/passing arguments; components (receiving object, method name, arguments).
    • Static polymorphism: Compile-time polymorphism achieved via method/function overloading and operator overloading; binding resolved at compile time.