Database Management Systems (DBMS)

• Introduction, Database approach vs Traditional file accessing approach
• Advantages of database systems
• Data models, Schemas and instances
• Data independence
• Database language and interfaces
• Overall database structure
• Functions of DBA and designer
• ER data model: entities and attributes, entity types
• Defining the E‑R diagram
• Concept of generalization, aggregation and specialization
• Transforming ER diagram into tables
• Object‑oriented data model, network data model, relational data model
• Comparison between the three types of models

• Domains, tuples, attributes, relations and characteristics of relations
• Keys and key attributes of relation
• Relational database schemas and integrity constraints
• Referential integrity, intension and extension
• SQL – DDL and DML, integrity constraints, complex queries, various joins, indexing, triggers, assertions
• Relational algebra and relational calculus
• Relational algebra operations: select, project, join, division, outer union
• Tuple‑oriented and domain‑oriented relational calculus and its operations

• Introduction to normalization, normal forms, functional dependency
• Decomposition, dependency preservation and lossless join
• Problems with null‑valued and dangling tuples, multivalued dependencies
• Query optimization: introduction, steps of optimization, algorithms for select, project and join
• Optimization methods – heuristic based and cost‑estimation based

• Transaction system, testing of serializability, serializable schedules, conflict & view serializable schedules
• Recoverability and recovery from transaction failures, log‑based recovery, checkpoints, deadlock handling
• Concurrency control techniques: locking, time‑stamping protocols, validation‑based protocol, multiple granularity
• Multiversion concurrency control and recovery with concurrent transactions
• Introduction to distributed databases, data mining, data warehousing
• Object technology and DBMS, comparative study of OODBMS vs DBMS
• Temporal, deductive, multimedia, web & mobile databases

• Architecture, physical files, memory structures, background processes
• Table spaces, segments, extents and blocks; dedicated server and multi‑threaded server
• Distributed database, database links, snapshots
• Data dictionary, dynamic performance views
• Security, role management, privilege management, profiles, invoker‑defined security model
• SQL queries, data extraction from single/multiple tables, equi‑join, non‑equi‑join, self‑join, outer join
• Special operators: LIKE, ANY, ALL, EXISTS, IN; hierarchical queries, inline queries, flashback queries
• ANSI SQL, anonymous blocks, nested anonymous blocks, branching and looping constructs
• Cursor management – nested and parameterized cursors, Oracle exception handling
• Stored procedures, IN/OUT/IN OUT parameters, user‑defined functions and their limitations
• Triggers, mutating table errors, instead‑of triggers

The syllabus lists no separate topics for this unit.