ce-504-remote-sensing-and-gis-dec-2025 Question Paper

Under each question, How to answer lists the points an answer should cover, outlined by CampusPrep from the syllabus. Check the details against your textbook.

1. 7 Marks
   aExplain the electromagnetic spectrum with relevance to remote sensing.
   How to answer

   • Definition of electromagnetic spectrum and wavelength regions
   • Relevant RS windows: visible, NIR, SWIR, thermal IR, microwave
   • Atmospheric windows and absorption bands
   • Sensor-band correspondence and applications
2. 7 Marks
   bDescribe the typical spectral reflectance curves of vegetation, soil, and water.
   How to answer

   • General shape of vegetation curve: green peak, red absorption, NIR plateau
   • Soil curve: increasing reflectance with wavelength, moisture effect
   • Water curve: high in visible, strong NIR absorption
   • Interpretation for discrimination in RS
3. 7 Marks
   aExplain image classification and its types.
   How to answer

   • Definition of image classification
   • Supervised vs unsupervised classification
   • Sub-types: per-pixel, sub-pixel, object-based
   • Steps and examples of classifiers
4. 7 Marks
   bWhat are map projections? Explain any two basic classes.
   How to answer

   • Definition of map projection and need
   • Class 1 e.g. by developable surface: cylindrical, conical, azimuthal
   • Class 2 e.g. by property: conformal, equal-area, equidistant
   • Merits, distortions and uses
5. 7 Marks
   aDescribe attribute data and its management in GIS.
   How to answer

   • Definition of attribute data vs spatial data
   • Types of attribute data and tables
   • DBMS functions: storage, query, update
   • Linking attributes to spatial features in GIS
6. 7 Marks
   bExplain the application of GIS and RS in water resource management.
   How to answer

   • Role of RS for water mapping, rainfall, groundwater
   • Role of GIS for watershed, flood, irrigation management
   • Examples: flood mapping, drought monitoring, water quality
   • Decision support benefits
7. 7 Marks
   aDescribe the basic components of remote sensing and its limitations.
   How to answer

   • Components: energy source, atmosphere, target, sensor, transmission, processing, application
   • Description of each component flow
   • Limitations: resolution, weather, cost, revisit, interpretation
   • Summary diagram of RS system
8. 7 Marks
   bExplain energy interaction with Earth's surface and atmosphere with a neat diagram.
   How to answer

   • Incoming solar radiation and atmospheric scattering/absorption
   • Reflection, absorption, transmission at Earth surface
   • Emission and re-radiation paths
   • Neat labelled diagram of energy interactions
9. 7 Marks
   aExplain the method of supervised classification in digital image processing.
   How to answer

   • Concept of supervised classification and training sites
   • Steps: training, signature generation, classification, accuracy assessment
   • Classifiers: minimum distance, maximum likelihood, parallelepiped
   • Output map and validation
10. 7 Marks
    bWhat is a vegetation index? Explain any one index and its significance.
    How to answer

    • Definition of vegetation index from red and NIR bands
    • Example: NDVI formula and range -1 to +1
    • Calculation and interpretation for vegetation health
    • Significance in agriculture, drought, land cover
11. 7 Marks
    aExplain different sources of spatial data used in GIS.
    How to answer

    • Concept of spatial data in GIS
    • Sources: remote sensing, GPS, surveys, maps, census
    • Secondary sources: digitization, photogrammetry
    • Comparison of sources and suitability
12. 7 Marks
    bWhat are spatial entities? Explain point, line, and polygon with examples.
    How to answer

    • Definition of spatial entities
    • Point with example: well, city
    • Line with example: road, river
    • Polygon with example: lake, district boundary
13. 7 Marks
    aDescribe spatial data integration techniques like map overlay with examples.
    How to answer

    • Concept of spatial data integration and overlay
    • Vector overlay: union, intersect, clip
    • Raster overlay and map algebra
    • Examples of suitability and change analysis
14. 7 Marks
    bExplain how remote sensing and GIS can be integrated for land resource assessment.
    How to answer

    • Need for RS-GIS integration for land resources
    • RS provides land use/cover, soil, moisture inputs
    • GIS overlays and models suitability, degradation
    • Application in land capability and planning
15. 7 Marks
    aDescribe the different types of sensor resolutions in remote sensing.
    How to answer

    • Definition of resolution
    • Spatial, spectral, radiometric, temporal resolution
    • Trade-offs and examples of sensors
    • Effect on RS application
16. 7 Marks
    bDiscuss the different types of data modes in remote sensing system.
    How to answer

    • Concept of data modes in RS system
    • Types: e.g. panchromatic, multispectral, hyperspectral, radar modes
    • Characteristics and data products
    • Selection based on application