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AL-502 Database Management Systems Notes

5 notes for Database Management Systems, unit by unit.

Unit 1 · Short notes DBMS Concepts and Architecture Introduction to DBMS concepts and architecture · Database approach vs. traditional file accessing approach · Advantages of database systems · Data models, schemas and instances · Data independence · Database languages and interfaces
Unit 2 · Short notes Relational Data Models Relational data model fundamentals: domains, tuples, attributes, relations · Characteristics of relations and keys (primary, candidate, foreign) · Relational database schemas and integrity constraints · Referential integrity, intension and extension · SQL Data Definition Language (DDL) and Data Manipulation Language (DML) · Integrity constraints in SQL
Unit 3 · Short notes Database Design and Query Optimization Normalization theory and techniques · Normal forms: 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF · Functional dependencies and decomposition · Dependency preservation and lossless‑join decomposition · Handling null‑valued and dangling tuples · Multivalued dependencies
Unit 4 · Short notes Transaction Processing and Concurrency Control Transaction concepts and transaction system · Serializability testing: conflict‑serializable and view‑serializable schedules · Recoverability and recovery from transaction failures · Log‑based recovery, checkpoints, deadlock handling · Concurrency control techniques: locking protocols, timestamp protocols, validation protocols · Multiple‑granularity locking and multiversion concurrency control
Unit 5 · Short notes Case Study of Relational DBMS (Oracle/PostgreSQL/MySQL) Architecture of major RDBMS (Oracle, PostgreSQL, MySQL) · Physical file organization and memory structures · Background processes in RDBMS · Data dictionary and dynamic performance views · Security, role management, privilege management, profiles · Invoker‑defined security model

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